|
|
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result sql = Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness.
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char = n;code = 110
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result sql = OBJECTIVES : Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indicator of arterial stiffness, especially in the aorta, and a marker for vascular damage. Smoking is reported to increase arterial stiffness. We examined the acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness by measuring brachial--ankle PWV (baPWV) using an oscillometric method (VP 1000, Colin Co., Komaki, Japan).
METHODS : All healthy male subjects (chronic smokers, n=40, 30.3 years old vs non-smokers, n=40, 28.3 years old) smoked two cigarettes (nicotine 1.5 mg) within 10 min and measured blood pressure (BP), heart rate and baPWV at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and compared with controls (n=20, 29.3 years old).
RESULTS : Systolic BP was higher in chronic smokers than non-smokers or controls. Smoking increased the systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate significantly at 5 min in both chronic smokers and non-smokers as compared with baseline levels or controls (respectively, p<0.001) and returned to baseline level at 15 min. Pulse pressure did not increase significantly. baPWV increased significantly in both chronic smokers and non-smokers at 5 min (12.1--17.3 m/s vs 11.1--12.7 m/sec, respectively) and remained higher for 30 min compared with controls (p<0.001). Smoking increased baPWV to a greater extent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION : Acutely, cigarette smoking increased BP, heart rate and baPWV in chronic smokers and non-smokers. These effects were more prominent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers. These findings suggest that cigarette smoking have deleterious effects on cardiovascular system by stiffening arteries.
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char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness.
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = O;code = 79
char = B;code = 66
char = J;code = 74
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = T;code = 84
char = I;code = 73
char = V;code = 86
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
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char = >;code = 62
char = P;code = 80
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = k;code = 107
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = V;code = 86
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = J;code = 74
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = A;code = 65
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = =;code = 61
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 8;code = 56
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = (;code = 40
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 5;code = 53
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 6;code = 54
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char = n;code = 110
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 9;code = 57
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
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char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
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char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = S;code = 83
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = P;code = 80
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char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = B;code = 66
char = P;code = 80
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char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
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char = l;code = 108
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
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char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = /;code = 47
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = /;code = 47
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
char = <;code = 60
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
char = <;code = 60
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = P;code = 80
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = P;code = 80
char = W;code = 87
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = OBJECTIVES : Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indicator of arterial stiffness, especially in the aorta, and a marker for vascular damage. Smoking is reported to increase arterial stiffness. We examined the acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness by measuring brachial--ankle PWV (baPWV) using an oscillometric method (VP 1000, Colin Co., Komaki, Japan).
METHODS : All healthy male subjects (chronic smokers, n=40, 30.3 years old vs non-smokers, n=40, 28.3 years old) smoked two cigarettes (nicotine 1.5 mg) within 10 min and measured blood pressure (BP), heart rate and baPWV at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and compared with controls (n=20, 29.3 years old).
RESULTS : Systolic BP was higher in chronic smokers than non-smokers or controls. Smoking increased the systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate significantly at 5 min in both chronic smokers and non-smokers as compared with baseline levels or controls (respectively, p<0.001) and returned to baseline level at 15 min. Pulse pressure did not increase significantly. baPWV increased significantly in both chronic smokers and non-smokers at 5 min (12.1--17.3 m/s vs 11.1--12.7 m/sec, respectively) and remained higher for 30 min compared with controls (p<0.001). Smoking increased baPWV to a greater extent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION : Acutely, cigarette smoking increased BP, heart rate and baPWV in chronic smokers and non-smokers. These effects were more prominent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers. These findings suggest that cigarette smoking have deleterious effects on cardiovascular system by stiffening arteries.
Publication: Blood Press. 2005 ;14(2)::80-5.
Publication Date: 2005
Study Author(s): Kim, Jin Won;Park, Chang Gyu;Hong, Soon Joon;Park, Seong Mi;Rha, Seung Woon;Seo, Hong Seog;Oh, Dong Joo;Rho, Young Moo;
Institution: Department of Cardiology, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul, Korea.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2005
Study Author(s): Kim, Jin Won;Park, Chang Gyu;Hong, Soon Joon;Park, Seong Mi;Rha, Seung Woon;Seo, Hong Seog;Oh, Dong Joo;Rho, Young Moo;
Institution: Department of Cardiology, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul, Korea.
Shortcut link to this study:
OBJECTIVES : Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indicator of arterial stiffness, especially in the aorta, and a marker for vascular damage. Smoking is reported to increase arterial stiffness. We examined the acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness by measuring brachial--ankle PWV (baPWV) using an oscillometric method (VP 1000, Colin Co., Komaki, Japan).
METHODS : All healthy male subjects (chronic smokers, n=40, 30.3 years old vs non-smokers, n=40, 28.3 years old) smoked two cigarettes (nicotine 1.5 mg) within 10 min and measured blood pressure (BP), heart rate and baPWV at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and compared with controls (n=20, 29.3 years old).
RESULTS : Systolic BP was higher in chronic smokers than non-smokers or controls. Smoking increased the systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate significantly at 5 min in both chronic smokers and non-smokers as compared with baseline levels or controls (respectively, p<0.001) and returned to baseline level at 15 min. Pulse pressure did not increase significantly. baPWV increased significantly in both chronic smokers and non-smokers at 5 min (12.1--17.3 m/s vs 11.1--12.7 m/sec, respectively) and remained higher for 30 min compared with controls (p<0.001). Smoking increased baPWV to a greater extent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION : Acutely, cigarette smoking increased BP, heart rate and baPWV in chronic smokers and non-smokers. These effects were more prominent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers. These findings suggest that cigarette smoking have deleterious effects on cardiovascular system by stiffening arteries.
METHODS : All healthy male subjects (chronic smokers, n=40, 30.3 years old vs non-smokers, n=40, 28.3 years old) smoked two cigarettes (nicotine 1.5 mg) within 10 min and measured blood pressure (BP), heart rate and baPWV at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and compared with controls (n=20, 29.3 years old).
RESULTS : Systolic BP was higher in chronic smokers than non-smokers or controls. Smoking increased the systolic and diastolic BP and heart rate significantly at 5 min in both chronic smokers and non-smokers as compared with baseline levels or controls (respectively, p<0.001) and returned to baseline level at 15 min. Pulse pressure did not increase significantly. baPWV increased significantly in both chronic smokers and non-smokers at 5 min (12.1--17.3 m/s vs 11.1--12.7 m/sec, respectively) and remained higher for 30 min compared with controls (p<0.001). Smoking increased baPWV to a greater extent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION : Acutely, cigarette smoking increased BP, heart rate and baPWV in chronic smokers and non-smokers. These effects were more prominent in chronic smokers than in non-smokers. These findings suggest that cigarette smoking have deleterious effects on cardiovascular system by stiffening arteries.
PMID: 16036484
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