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result sql = Structure-activity relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na v 1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Structure-activity relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na v 1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
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result sql = Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function. This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na v 1.8 sodium channel isoform, the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin) to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin). Tail currents for the remaining compounds (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and tefluthrin) were monoexponential and decayed with kinetics intermediate between these extremes. Reconstruction of currents carried solely by the pyrethroid-modified subpopulation of channels revealed two types of pyrethroid-modified currents. The first type, found with cismethrin, allethrin, permethrin and tefluthrin, activated relatively rapidly and inactivated partially during a 40-ms depolarization. The second type, found with cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and fenvalerate, activated more slowly and did not detectably inactivate during a 40-ms depolarization. Only bifenthrin did not produce modified currents that fit clearly into either of these categories. In all cases, the rate of activation of modified channels was strongly correlated with the rate of tail current decay following repolarization. Modification of Na v 1.8 sodium channels by cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was enhanced 2.3- to 3.4-fold by repetitive stimulation; this effect appeared to result from the accumulation of persistently open channels rather than preferential binding to open channel states. Fenpropathrin was the most effective compound against Na v 1.8 sodium channels from the perspective of either resting or use-dependent modification. When use dependence is taken into account, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tefluthrin approached the effectiveness of fenpropathrin. The selective expression of Na v 1.8 sodium channels in nociceptive neurons suggests that these channels may be important targets for pyrethroids in the production of paresthesia following dermal exposure.

Publication: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006 Mar 15 ;211(3)::233-44.
Publication Date: 2006 Mar 15
Study Author(s): Choi, Jin-Sung;Soderlund, David M;
Institution: Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, P. O. Box 462, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function. This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na v 1.8 sodium channel isoform, the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin) to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin). Tail currents for the remaining compounds (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and tefluthrin) were monoexponential and decayed with kinetics intermediate between these extremes. Reconstruction of currents carried solely by the pyrethroid-modified subpopulation of channels revealed two types of pyrethroid-modified currents. The first type, found with cismethrin, allethrin, permethrin and tefluthrin, activated relatively rapidly and inactivated partially during a 40-ms depolarization. The second type, found with cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and fenvalerate, activated more slowly and did not detectably inactivate during a 40-ms depolarization. Only bifenthrin did not produce modified currents that fit clearly into either of these categories. In all cases, the rate of activation of modified channels was strongly correlated with the rate of tail current decay following repolarization. Modification of Na v 1.8 sodium channels by cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was enhanced 2.3- to 3.4-fold by repetitive stimulation; this effect appeared to result from the accumulation of persistently open channels rather than preferential binding to open channel states. Fenpropathrin was the most effective compound against Na v 1.8 sodium channels from the perspective of either resting or use-dependent modification. When use dependence is taken into account, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tefluthrin approached the effectiveness of fenpropathrin. The selective expression of Na v 1.8 sodium channels in nociceptive neurons suggests that these channels may be important targets for pyrethroids in the production of paresthesia following dermal exposure.
PMID: 16051293

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