|
|
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
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char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ';code = 39
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = k;code = 107
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
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char = b;code = 98
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char = n;code = 110
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char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = 9;code = 57
char = 2;code = 50
char = a;code = 97
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char = ';code = 39
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = p;code = 112
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char = c;code = 99
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char = O;code = 79
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char = l;code = 108
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = W;code = 87
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char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = r;code = 114
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char = g;code = 103
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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result sql = Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
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char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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result sql = Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.
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result sql = Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
Publication: Nature 2005 Sep 29 ;437(7059)::681-6.
Publication Date: 2005 Sep 29
Study Author(s): Orr, James C;Fabry, Victoria J;Aumont, Olivier;Bopp, Laurent;Doney, Scott C;Feely, Richard A;Gnanadesikan, Anand;Gruber, Nicolas;Ishida, Akio;Joos, Fortunat;Key, Robert M;Lindsay, Keith;Maier-Reimer, Ernst;Matear, Richard;Monfray, Patrick;Mouchet, Anne;Najjar, Raymond G;Plattner, Gian-Kasper;Rodgers, Keith B;Sabine, Christopher L;Sarmiento, Jorge L;Schlitzer, Reiner;Slater, Richard D;Totterdell, Ian J;Weirig, Marie-France;Yamanaka, Yasuhiro;Yool, Andrew;
Institution: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2005 Sep 29
Study Author(s): Orr, James C;Fabry, Victoria J;Aumont, Olivier;Bopp, Laurent;Doney, Scott C;Feely, Richard A;Gnanadesikan, Anand;Gruber, Nicolas;Ishida, Akio;Joos, Fortunat;Key, Robert M;Lindsay, Keith;Maier-Reimer, Ernst;Matear, Richard;Monfray, Patrick;Mouchet, Anne;Najjar, Raymond G;Plattner, Gian-Kasper;Rodgers, Keith B;Sabine, Christopher L;Sarmiento, Jorge L;Schlitzer, Reiner;Slater, Richard D;Totterdell, Ian J;Weirig, Marie-France;Yamanaka, Yasuhiro;Yool, Andrew;
Institution: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. [email protected]
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Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals and some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean-carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
PMID: 16193043
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