|
|
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result sql = Immunohistochemical investigation of dopaminergic terminal markers and caspase-3 activation in the striatum of human methamphetamine users.
Immunohistochemical investigation of dopaminergic terminal markers and caspase-3 activation in the striatum of human methamphetamine users.char = M;code = 77
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result sql = Methamphetamine (METH) has been shown to induce neurotoxicity. In a previous human study using quantitative Western blotting and radioligand binding assay, dopaminergic terminal marker deficits were induced in chronic METH users. In this study, we examined the suitability of the immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) levels, and caspase-3 activation in the striatum to diagnose METH abuse. Decreases in TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and DAT in the nucleus accumbens and putamen were induced in METH users, whereas a significant difference of VMAT2 was not evident between METH and control groups. However, in the nucleus accumbens of two METH users, levels of VMAT2, a stable marker of striatal dopaminergic terminal integrity, were reduced remarkably. These findings might indicate that dopaminergic terminal degeneration is induced in the striatum of some METH abusers. On the other hand, we observed little caspase-3 activation, indicative of apoptosis, in the striatal neurons of chronic METH users. Overall, the findings of dopaminergic terminal markers were similar to those in the previous human study. Therefore, it is suggested that immunohistochemical techniques could be used to examine dopaminergic terminal marker levels and could also give useful information on chronic and/or lethal METH use in cases of METH-related death, where METH intoxication may not be toxicologically demonstrated.
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result sql = Immunohistochemical investigation of dopaminergic terminal markers and caspase-3 activation in the striatum of human methamphetamine users.
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = D;code = 68
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = V;code = 86
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
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char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
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char = .;code = 46
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char = H;code = 72
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
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char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
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result sql = Methamphetamine (METH) has been shown to induce neurotoxicity. In a previous human study using quantitative Western blotting and radioligand binding assay, dopaminergic terminal marker deficits were induced in chronic METH users. In this study, we examined the suitability of the immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) levels, and caspase-3 activation in the striatum to diagnose METH abuse. Decreases in TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and DAT in the nucleus accumbens and putamen were induced in METH users, whereas a significant difference of VMAT2 was not evident between METH and control groups. However, in the nucleus accumbens of two METH users, levels of VMAT2, a stable marker of striatal dopaminergic terminal integrity, were reduced remarkably. These findings might indicate that dopaminergic terminal degeneration is induced in the striatum of some METH abusers. On the other hand, we observed little caspase-3 activation, indicative of apoptosis, in the striatal neurons of chronic METH users. Overall, the findings of dopaminergic terminal markers were similar to those in the previous human study. Therefore, it is suggested that immunohistochemical techniques could be used to examine dopaminergic terminal marker levels and could also give useful information on chronic and/or lethal METH use in cases of METH-related death, where METH intoxication may not be toxicologically demonstrated.
Publication: Int. J. Legal Med. 2007 May ;121(3)::163-8.
Publication Date: 2007 May
Study Author(s): Kitamura, Osamu;Tokunaga, Itsuo;Gotohda, Takako;Kubo, Shin-ichi;
Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2007 May
Study Author(s): Kitamura, Osamu;Tokunaga, Itsuo;Gotohda, Takako;Kubo, Shin-ichi;
Institution: Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Health Bioscience, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Methamphetamine (METH) has been shown to induce neurotoxicity. In a previous human study using quantitative Western blotting and radioligand binding assay, dopaminergic terminal marker deficits were induced in chronic METH users. In this study, we examined the suitability of the immunohistochemical detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) levels, and caspase-3 activation in the striatum to diagnose METH abuse. Decreases in TH immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and DAT in the nucleus accumbens and putamen were induced in METH users, whereas a significant difference of VMAT2 was not evident between METH and control groups. However, in the nucleus accumbens of two METH users, levels of VMAT2, a stable marker of striatal dopaminergic terminal integrity, were reduced remarkably. These findings might indicate that dopaminergic terminal degeneration is induced in the striatum of some METH abusers. On the other hand, we observed little caspase-3 activation, indicative of apoptosis, in the striatal neurons of chronic METH users. Overall, the findings of dopaminergic terminal markers were similar to those in the previous human study. Therefore, it is suggested that immunohistochemical techniques could be used to examine dopaminergic terminal marker levels and could also give useful information on chronic and/or lethal METH use in cases of METH-related death, where METH intoxication may not be toxicologically demonstrated.
PMID: 16622715
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