char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes.
Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes.
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = m;code = 109
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 9;code = 57
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
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char = I;code = 73
char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
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char = V;code = 86
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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result sql = The existence of many subglacial lakes provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood. Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, glacial landform development and subglacial lake habitats. Here we present ice-sheet surface elevation changes in central East Antarctica that we interpret to represent rapid discharge from a subglacial lake. Our observations indicate that during a period of 16 months, 1.8 km3 of water was transferred over 290 km to at least two other subglacial lakes. While viscous deformation of the ice roof above may moderate discharge, the intrinsic instability of such a system suggests that discharge events are a common mode of basal drainage. If large lakes, such as Lake Vostok or Lake Concordia, are pressurizing, it is possible that substantial discharges could reach the coast. Our observations conflict with expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations, and we suggest that entire subglacial drainage basins may be flushed periodically. The rapid transfer of water between lakes would result in large-scale solute and microbe relocation, and drainage system contamination from in situ exploration is, therefore, a distinct risk.

Publication: Nature 2006 Apr 20 ;440(7087)::1033-6.
Publication Date: 2006 Apr 20
Study Author(s): Wingham, Duncan J;Siegert, Martin J;Shepherd, Andrew;Muir, Alan S;
Institution: Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Department of Space and Climate Physics, Pearson Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
The existence of many subglacial lakes provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood. Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, glacial landform development and subglacial lake habitats. Here we present ice-sheet surface elevation changes in central East Antarctica that we interpret to represent rapid discharge from a subglacial lake. Our observations indicate that during a period of 16 months, 1.8 km3 of water was transferred over 290 km to at least two other subglacial lakes. While viscous deformation of the ice roof above may moderate discharge, the intrinsic instability of such a system suggests that discharge events are a common mode of basal drainage. If large lakes, such as Lake Vostok or Lake Concordia, are pressurizing, it is possible that substantial discharges could reach the coast. Our observations conflict with expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations, and we suggest that entire subglacial drainage basins may be flushed periodically. The rapid transfer of water between lakes would result in large-scale solute and microbe relocation, and drainage system contamination from in situ exploration is, therefore, a distinct risk.
PMID: 16625193

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