char = E;code = 69
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Evaluation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists on attention and working memory.
Evaluation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists on attention and working memory.
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = l;code = 108
char = z;code = 122
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
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char = r;code = 114
char = ';code = 39
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
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char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
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char = u;code = 117
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char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = ";code = 34
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = k;code = 107
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char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
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char = d;code = 100
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char = T;code = 84
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = y;code = 121
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char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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result sql = Cholinergic receptor antagonists are commonly used to model attentional and mnemonic impairments associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. However, few studies have systematically assessed the effects of these drugs following manipulations that affect attention or working memory within the same task. In the present experiment, rats were trained to discriminate visual signals from "blank" trials when no signal was presented. This task was modified to include retention intervals on some trials to tax working memory. During standard task performance, rats received systemic injections of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, or of the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine. A second experiment tested the effects on this task of co-administering doses of scopolamine and mecamylamine that, when administered alone, did not significantly affect task performance. Scopolamine (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) decreased detection of 500 ms signals but did not affect accurate identification of non-signals. Scopolamine did not differentially affect performance across the retention interval. Elevated omission rates were associated with high doses of scopolamine or mecamylamine. Combination drug treatment was associated with decreased signal detection and elevated omission rates. Collectively, the data suggest that muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists do not exclusively impair working memory.

Publication: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006 Dec ;85(4)::796-803.
Publication Date: 2006 Dec
Study Author(s): McQuail, Joseph A;Burk, Joshua A;
Institution: Department of Psychology, College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Cholinergic receptor antagonists are commonly used to model attentional and mnemonic impairments associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. However, few studies have systematically assessed the effects of these drugs following manipulations that affect attention or working memory within the same task. In the present experiment, rats were trained to discriminate visual signals from "blank" trials when no signal was presented. This task was modified to include retention intervals on some trials to tax working memory. During standard task performance, rats received systemic injections of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, or of the nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine. A second experiment tested the effects on this task of co-administering doses of scopolamine and mecamylamine that, when administered alone, did not significantly affect task performance. Scopolamine (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) decreased detection of 500 ms signals but did not affect accurate identification of non-signals. Scopolamine did not differentially affect performance across the retention interval. Elevated omission rates were associated with high doses of scopolamine or mecamylamine. Combination drug treatment was associated with decreased signal detection and elevated omission rates. Collectively, the data suggest that muscarinic and nicotinic receptor antagonists do not exclusively impair working memory.
PMID: 17196638

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