char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Beta radiation shielding with lead and plastic: effect on bremsstrahlung radiation when switching the shielding order.
Beta radiation shielding with lead and plastic: effect on bremsstrahlung radiation when switching the shielding order.char = L;code = 76 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = Z;code = 90 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = Z;code = 90 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 2;code = 50 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = L;code = 76 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 3;code = 51 char = 2;code = 50 char = P;code = 80 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = /;code = 47 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = );code = 41 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = ";code = 34 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = ";code = 34 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Lead and plastic are commonly used to shield beta radiation. Radiation protection literature is ubiquitous in advising the placement of plastic first to absorb all the beta particles before any lead shielding is used. This advice is based on the well established theory that radiative losses (bremsstrahlung production) are more prevalent in higher atomic number (Z) materials than in low Z materials. Using 32P beta radiation, we measured bremsstrahlung photons transmitted through lead and plastic (Lucite) shielding in different test configurations to determine the relative efficacy of lead alone, plastic alone, and the positional order of lead and plastic. With the source (32P) and detector held at a constant separation distance, we inserted lead and/or plastic absorbers and measured the reduction in bremsstrahlung radiation level measured by the detector. With these test conditions, analysis of measured bremsstrahlung radiation in various thicknesses and configurations of lead and plastic shielding shows the following: placing plastic first vs. lead first reduces the transmitted radiation level only marginally (10% to 40%); 2 mm of additional lead is sufficient to correct the "mistake" of placing the lead first; and for equal thicknesses or weights of lead and plastic, lead is a more efficient radiation shield than plastic.
Publication: Health Phys 2007 Feb ;92(2 Suppl)::S13-7.
Publication Date: 2007 Feb
Study Author(s): Van Pelt, Wesley R;Drzyzga, Michael;
Institution: Wesley R. Van Pelt Associates, Inc., Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Lead and plastic are commonly used to shield beta radiation. Radiation protection literature is ubiquitous in advising the placement of plastic first to absorb all the beta particles before any lead shielding is used. This advice is based on the well established theory that radiative losses (bremsstrahlung production) are more prevalent in higher atomic number (Z) materials than in low Z materials. Using 32P beta radiation, we measured bremsstrahlung photons transmitted through lead and plastic (Lucite) shielding in different test configurations to determine the relative efficacy of lead alone, plastic alone, and the positional order of lead and plastic. With the source (32P) and detector held at a constant separation distance, we inserted lead and/or plastic absorbers and measured the reduction in bremsstrahlung radiation level measured by the detector. With these test conditions, analysis of measured bremsstrahlung radiation in various thicknesses and configurations of lead and plastic shielding shows the following: placing plastic first vs. lead first reduces the transmitted radiation level only marginally (10% to 40%); 2 mm of additional lead is sufficient to correct the "mistake" of placing the lead first; and for equal thicknesses or weights of lead and plastic, lead is a more efficient radiation shield than plastic.
PMID: 17228183