|
|
char = E;code = 69
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char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = :;code = 58
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char = o;code = 111
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result sql = Extracellular distribution volumes of hydrophilic solutes used to measure the glomerular filtration rate: comparison between chromium-51-EDTA and iohexol.
Extracellular distribution volumes of hydrophilic solutes used to measure the glomerular filtration rate: comparison between chromium-51-EDTA and iohexol.char = E;code = 69
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
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char = (;code = 40
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char = C;code = 67
char = V;code = 86
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char = T;code = 84
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = V;code = 86
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = V;code = 86
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 7;code = 55
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
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char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
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char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = 3;code = 51
char = 3;code = 51
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char = L;code = 76
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = V;code = 86
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char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = g;code = 103
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = C;code = 67
char = r;code = 114
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = .;code = 46
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char = E;code = 69
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char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
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char = C;code = 67
char = r;code = 114
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char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = h;code = 104
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = [;code = 91
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 7;code = 55
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
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char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = [;code = 91
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = ];code = 93
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
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char = e;code = 101
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result sql = Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) is larger when measured with Tc-99m-DTPA ( approximately 500 Da) than inulin (6 kDa). As part of an assessment of the suitability of the non-radioactive marker, iohexol, against the gold standard tracer, Cr-51-EDTA, for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on a postal service, we took the opportunity to determine if this volume dependence is present for diffusible markers less disparate in size than inulin and Tc-99m-DTPA. Cr-51-EDTA ( approximately 400 Da) and iohexol ( approximately 900 Da) were administered into the opposite arms of 20 normal volunteers (fasting and non-fasting) and 60 patients (non-fasting), including 36 diabetics, 10 cancer patients and 13 dermatology patients. Blood was obtained from both arms 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after injection and assayed for a marker injected contra-laterally. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mean indicator transit time, T, were measured from the bi-exponential clearance curves. ECV, the product of GFR and T, was subdivided into V(1) (administered indicator divided by the sum of zero-time intercepts of the two exponentials) and V(2) (the difference between V(1) and ECV). Variables were scaled to 1.73 m(2). For all 100 studies, the mean GFR from Cr-51-EDTA was 3 ml min(-1) higher than iohexol (p < 0.01). ECV was 0.41 L higher (p < 0.02) and V(1) 0.65 L higher (p < 0.001) from Cr-51-EDTA but V(2) was 0.33 L lower (p < 0.02). V(1)/ECV was 0.031 higher from Cr-51-EDTA (p < 0.01). ECV and V(2) from Cr-51-EDTA were both higher in diabetics (15.1 [1.7] and 5.0 [0.095] L, respectively) compared with normal non-fasting subjects (13.7 [1.5] and 4.3 [1.0]; p < 0.01). ECV and the volumes of its sub-compartments are different between markers that are less than an order of magnitude different in size.
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = l;code = 108
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char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
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char = l;code = 108
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char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = :;code = 58
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = x;code = 120
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result sql = Extracellular distribution volumes of hydrophilic solutes used to measure the glomerular filtration rate: comparison between chromium-51-EDTA and iohexol.
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 6;code = 54
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char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
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char = n;code = 110
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = 3;code = 51
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
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char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = T;code = 84
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
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char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
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char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
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char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = V;code = 86
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = z;code = 122
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = V;code = 86
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char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
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char = .;code = 46
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char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = C;code = 67
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char = T;code = 84
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = C;code = 67
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char = a;code = 97
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char = L;code = 76
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = r;code = 114
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char = 5;code = 53
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
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char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = 3;code = 51
char = 3;code = 51
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char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
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char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = /;code = 47
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = V;code = 86
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
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result sql = Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) is larger when measured with Tc-99m-DTPA ( approximately 500 Da) than inulin (6 kDa). As part of an assessment of the suitability of the non-radioactive marker, iohexol, against the gold standard tracer, Cr-51-EDTA, for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on a postal service, we took the opportunity to determine if this volume dependence is present for diffusible markers less disparate in size than inulin and Tc-99m-DTPA. Cr-51-EDTA ( approximately 400 Da) and iohexol ( approximately 900 Da) were administered into the opposite arms of 20 normal volunteers (fasting and non-fasting) and 60 patients (non-fasting), including 36 diabetics, 10 cancer patients and 13 dermatology patients. Blood was obtained from both arms 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after injection and assayed for a marker injected contra-laterally. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mean indicator transit time, T, were measured from the bi-exponential clearance curves. ECV, the product of GFR and T, was subdivided into V(1) (administered indicator divided by the sum of zero-time intercepts of the two exponentials) and V(2) (the difference between V(1) and ECV). Variables were scaled to 1.73 m(2). For all 100 studies, the mean GFR from Cr-51-EDTA was 3 ml min(-1) higher than iohexol (p < 0.01). ECV was 0.41 L higher (p < 0.02) and V(1) 0.65 L higher (p < 0.001) from Cr-51-EDTA but V(2) was 0.33 L lower (p < 0.02). V(1)/ECV was 0.031 higher from Cr-51-EDTA (p < 0.01). ECV and V(2) from Cr-51-EDTA were both higher in diabetics (15.1 [1.7] and 5.0 [0.095] L, respectively) compared with normal non-fasting subjects (13.7 [1.5] and 4.3 [1.0]; p < 0.01). ECV and the volumes of its sub-compartments are different between markers that are less than an order of magnitude different in size.
Publication: Physiol Meas 2007 Feb ;28(2)::223-34.
Publication Date: 2007 Feb
Study Author(s): Bird, Nicholas J;Peters, Christina;Michell, A Robert;Peters, A Michael;
Institution: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2007 Feb
Study Author(s): Bird, Nicholas J;Peters, Christina;Michell, A Robert;Peters, A Michael;
Institution: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
Shortcut link to this study:
Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) is larger when measured with Tc-99m-DTPA ( approximately 500 Da) than inulin (6 kDa). As part of an assessment of the suitability of the non-radioactive marker, iohexol, against the gold standard tracer, Cr-51-EDTA, for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on a postal service, we took the opportunity to determine if this volume dependence is present for diffusible markers less disparate in size than inulin and Tc-99m-DTPA. Cr-51-EDTA ( approximately 400 Da) and iohexol ( approximately 900 Da) were administered into the opposite arms of 20 normal volunteers (fasting and non-fasting) and 60 patients (non-fasting), including 36 diabetics, 10 cancer patients and 13 dermatology patients. Blood was obtained from both arms 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after injection and assayed for a marker injected contra-laterally. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mean indicator transit time, T, were measured from the bi-exponential clearance curves. ECV, the product of GFR and T, was subdivided into V(1) (administered indicator divided by the sum of zero-time intercepts of the two exponentials) and V(2) (the difference between V(1) and ECV). Variables were scaled to 1.73 m(2). For all 100 studies, the mean GFR from Cr-51-EDTA was 3 ml min(-1) higher than iohexol (p < 0.01). ECV was 0.41 L higher (p < 0.02) and V(1) 0.65 L higher (p < 0.001) from Cr-51-EDTA but V(2) was 0.33 L lower (p < 0.02). V(1)/ECV was 0.031 higher from Cr-51-EDTA (p < 0.01). ECV and V(2) from Cr-51-EDTA were both higher in diabetics (15.1 [1.7] and 5.0 [0.095] L, respectively) compared with normal non-fasting subjects (13.7 [1.5] and 4.3 [1.0]; p < 0.01). ECV and the volumes of its sub-compartments are different between markers that are less than an order of magnitude different in size.
PMID: 17237593
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