char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = T;code = 84
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Increased water hardness and magnesium levels may increase occurrence of urolithiasis in cows from the Burdur region (Turkey).
Increased water hardness and magnesium levels may increase occurrence of urolithiasis in cows from the Burdur region (Turkey).
char = O;code = 79
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = z;code = 122
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 8;code = 56
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = m;code = 109
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
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char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
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char = U;code = 85
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 3;code = 51
char = 7;code = 55
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char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
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char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = (;code = 40
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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result sql = Objectives of the study were to measure water hardness in Burdur, and to establish its possible association with urolithiasis in cattle. Water samples were obtained from different stables (n = 15). Water hardness and the concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper ions were calculated from these water samples. Total hardness of the samples (mean 285 ppm) exceeded the standards and the water was characterized by high content of magnesium ions. Kidneys (n = 500) were collected randomly from slaughterhouses and examined for urolithiasis. Urolithiasis was observed in 102 kidneys (20.4%). The weights of the stones were between 0.02 and 237.44 g and the colour varied from white to brown. The calculi collected had various shapes and composed of calcium apatite (42.45%), struvite (20.15%), magnesium carbonate (15.15%), calcium carbonate (12.12%), and calcium phosphate cystine (10.13%). It was concluded that high water hardness with high magnesium ion concentrations in water may contribute to urolithiasis and needs to be investigated further in future studies.

Publication: Vet. Res. Commun. 2007 Aug ;31(6)::665-71.
Publication Date: 2007 Aug
Study Author(s): Sahinduran, S;Buyukoglu, T;Gulay, M S;Tasci, F;
Institution: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Akdeniz University, Burdur, Turkey. simasahin@akdeniz.edu.tr
Shortcut link to this study:
Objectives of the study were to measure water hardness in Burdur, and to establish its possible association with urolithiasis in cattle. Water samples were obtained from different stables (n = 15). Water hardness and the concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper ions were calculated from these water samples. Total hardness of the samples (mean 285 ppm) exceeded the standards and the water was characterized by high content of magnesium ions. Kidneys (n = 500) were collected randomly from slaughterhouses and examined for urolithiasis. Urolithiasis was observed in 102 kidneys (20.4%). The weights of the stones were between 0.02 and 237.44 g and the colour varied from white to brown. The calculi collected had various shapes and composed of calcium apatite (42.45%), struvite (20.15%), magnesium carbonate (15.15%), calcium carbonate (12.12%), and calcium phosphate cystine (10.13%). It was concluded that high water hardness with high magnesium ion concentrations in water may contribute to urolithiasis and needs to be investigated further in future studies.
PMID: 17237984

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