|
|
char = N;code = 78
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
result sql = NMDA receptor in conditioned flavor-taste preference learning: blockade by MK-801 and enhancement by D-cycloserine.
NMDA receptor in conditioned flavor-taste preference learning: blockade by MK-801 and enhancement by D-cycloserine.char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = A;code = 65
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 8;code = 56
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = F;code = 70
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
char = /;code = 47
char = S;code = 83
char = );code = 41
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
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result sql = Conditioned flavor-taste preference (CFTP) is a robust form of learning in which animals acquire a preference for a flavor (e.g. Kool-Aid) previously mixed with a highly preferred tastant (e.g. fructose) over a flavor previously mixed with a less-preferred tastant (e.g. saccharin). Here, the role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate-glycine receptor (NR) was probed using systemic MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist, and D-cycloserine (DCS), a glycine agonist. Rats were injected with MK-801 (100 microg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to a daily 2-h conditioning session with 1-bottle access to a Kool-Aid flavor (grape or cherry) mixed with either 8% fructose (CS+/F) or 0.2% saccharin (CS-/S) CFTP : expression was measured in 2-bottle preference tests between the Kool-Aid flavors mixed with 0.2% saccharin (CS+/S vs. CS-/S). While vehicle-treated rats acquired a preference for CS+/S over CS-/S, MK-801 prior to conditioning completely blocked CFTP learning. The effect of MK-801 was specific to CFTP acquisition, because follow-up experiments demonstrated that MK-801 did not induce a conditioned taste aversion, cause state-dependent learning, or affect CFTP expression. In a second approach, rats were injected with DCS (15 mg/kg) 60 min prior to daily conditioning. In contrast to MK-801, administration of DCS prior to conditioning enhanced CFTP learning (but not reversal conditioning). These results demonstrate that NR neurotransmission is critical for CFTP learning. Furthermore, enhancement of CFTP learning by DCS suggests that endogenous levels of glycine or D-serine may be a limiting factor in CFTP learning.
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char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
result sql = NMDA receptor in conditioned flavor-taste preference learning: blockade by MK-801 and enhancement by D-cycloserine.
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = A;code = 65
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 8;code = 56
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = F;code = 70
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
char = /;code = 47
char = S;code = 83
char = );code = 41
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
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char = S;code = 83
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = C;code = 67
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char = S;code = 83
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char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
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char = r;code = 114
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = K;code = 75
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char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
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char = w;code = 119
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = -;code = 45
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
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char = (;code = 40
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char = /;code = 47
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char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
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char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = K;code = 75
char = -;code = 45
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = F;code = 70
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Conditioned flavor-taste preference (CFTP) is a robust form of learning in which animals acquire a preference for a flavor (e.g. Kool-Aid) previously mixed with a highly preferred tastant (e.g. fructose) over a flavor previously mixed with a less-preferred tastant (e.g. saccharin). Here, the role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate-glycine receptor (NR) was probed using systemic MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist, and D-cycloserine (DCS), a glycine agonist. Rats were injected with MK-801 (100 microg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to a daily 2-h conditioning session with 1-bottle access to a Kool-Aid flavor (grape or cherry) mixed with either 8% fructose (CS+/F) or 0.2% saccharin (CS-/S) CFTP : expression was measured in 2-bottle preference tests between the Kool-Aid flavors mixed with 0.2% saccharin (CS+/S vs. CS-/S). While vehicle-treated rats acquired a preference for CS+/S over CS-/S, MK-801 prior to conditioning completely blocked CFTP learning. The effect of MK-801 was specific to CFTP acquisition, because follow-up experiments demonstrated that MK-801 did not induce a conditioned taste aversion, cause state-dependent learning, or affect CFTP expression. In a second approach, rats were injected with DCS (15 mg/kg) 60 min prior to daily conditioning. In contrast to MK-801, administration of DCS prior to conditioning enhanced CFTP learning (but not reversal conditioning). These results demonstrate that NR neurotransmission is critical for CFTP learning. Furthermore, enhancement of CFTP learning by DCS suggests that endogenous levels of glycine or D-serine may be a limiting factor in CFTP learning.
Publication: Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007 Mar ;86(3)::587-96.
Publication Date: 2007 Mar
Study Author(s): Golden, Glen J;Houpt, Thomas A;
Institution: Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4340, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2007 Mar
Study Author(s): Golden, Glen J;Houpt, Thomas A;
Institution: Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4340, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Conditioned flavor-taste preference (CFTP) is a robust form of learning in which animals acquire a preference for a flavor (e.g. Kool-Aid) previously mixed with a highly preferred tastant (e.g. fructose) over a flavor previously mixed with a less-preferred tastant (e.g. saccharin). Here, the role of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate-glycine receptor (NR) was probed using systemic MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist, and D-cycloserine (DCS), a glycine agonist. Rats were injected with MK-801 (100 microg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to a daily 2-h conditioning session with 1-bottle access to a Kool-Aid flavor (grape or cherry) mixed with either 8% fructose (CS+/F) or 0.2% saccharin (CS-/S) CFTP : expression was measured in 2-bottle preference tests between the Kool-Aid flavors mixed with 0.2% saccharin (CS+/S vs. CS-/S). While vehicle-treated rats acquired a preference for CS+/S over CS-/S, MK-801 prior to conditioning completely blocked CFTP learning. The effect of MK-801 was specific to CFTP acquisition, because follow-up experiments demonstrated that MK-801 did not induce a conditioned taste aversion, cause state-dependent learning, or affect CFTP expression. In a second approach, rats were injected with DCS (15 mg/kg) 60 min prior to daily conditioning. In contrast to MK-801, administration of DCS prior to conditioning enhanced CFTP learning (but not reversal conditioning). These results demonstrate that NR neurotransmission is critical for CFTP learning. Furthermore, enhancement of CFTP learning by DCS suggests that endogenous levels of glycine or D-serine may be a limiting factor in CFTP learning.
PMID: 17350084
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