char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Comparative effects of flavonoids on oxidant scavenging and ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes.
Comparative effects of flavonoids on oxidant scavenging and ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes.char = S;code = 83 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = ,;code = 44 char = 1;code = 49 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = 2;code = 50 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = D;code = 68 char = P;code = 80 char = P;code = 80 char = H;code = 72 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = );code = 41 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 7;code = 55 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = P;code = 80 char = P;code = 80 char = H;code = 72 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = 2;code = 50 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = 2;code = 50 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = >;code = 62 char = 5;code = 53 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = R;code = 82 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = 2;code = 50 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = /;code = 47 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Since flavonoids scavenge reactive oxygen species, they may potentially protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study compared the scavenging capacity of specific flavonoids towards different reactive oxygen species. Whether the differential oxidant scavenging capacity correlated with their protective efficacy in ischemia/reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes was determined. The free radical scavenging capacity of five flavonoids (wogonin, baicalin, baicalein, catechin and procyanidin B2) was analyzed using electron spin resonance spectrometry for 3 radicals: 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radical. A well-established chick cardiomyocyte model of ischemia (1 h)/reperfusion (3 h) was used to evaluate flavonoid-induced protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in chronic treatment (pretreated 72 h and treated through ischemia/reperfusion) and acute treatment protocols (during ischemia/reperfusion or only at reperfusion). The cell viability was assessed by propidium iodide. The DPPH scavenging was most significant with catechin, followed by procyanidin B2, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin. The superoxide scavenging was, similarly, most significant with catechin, followed by baicalein, procyanidin B2, and baicalin. For hydroxyl radical, only baicalein showed a significant scavenging capacity (>50% reduction in ESR signal). For the cardiomyocyte studies, all flavonoids but wogonin showed protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the chronic treatment protocol. When flavonoids were administered only during ischemia/reperfusion, baicalein, procyanidin B2, and catechin significantly reduced cell death. If flavonoids were administered just at reperfusion, only baicalein and procyanidin B2 had protective effects, and the efficacy was less. Flavonoids possess specific but differential radical scavenging capacity, which, in conjunction with the timing of treatment, affects their protective efficacy in cardiomyocytes exposed to ischemia/reperfusion.
Publication: Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 2 ;566(1-3)::58-66.
Publication Date: 2007 Jul 2
Study Author(s): Chang, Wei-Tien;Shao, Zuo-Hui;Yin, Jun-Jie;Mehendale, Sangeeta;Wang, Chong-Zhi;Qin, Yimin;Li, Juan;Chen, Wen-Jone;Chien, Chiang-Ting;Becker, Lance B;Vanden Hoek, Terry L;Yuan, Chun-Su;
Institution: Emergency Resuscitation Center, Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, and Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Since flavonoids scavenge reactive oxygen species, they may potentially protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study compared the scavenging capacity of specific flavonoids towards different reactive oxygen species. Whether the differential oxidant scavenging capacity correlated with their protective efficacy in ischemia/reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes was determined. The free radical scavenging capacity of five flavonoids (wogonin, baicalin, baicalein, catechin and procyanidin B2) was analyzed using electron spin resonance spectrometry for 3 radicals: 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radical. A well-established chick cardiomyocyte model of ischemia (1 h)/reperfusion (3 h) was used to evaluate flavonoid-induced protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in chronic treatment (pretreated 72 h and treated through ischemia/reperfusion) and acute treatment protocols (during ischemia/reperfusion or only at reperfusion). The cell viability was assessed by propidium iodide. The DPPH scavenging was most significant with catechin, followed by procyanidin B2, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin. The superoxide scavenging was, similarly, most significant with catechin, followed by baicalein, procyanidin B2, and baicalin. For hydroxyl radical, only baicalein showed a significant scavenging capacity (>50% reduction in ESR signal). For the cardiomyocyte studies, all flavonoids but wogonin showed protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the chronic treatment protocol. When flavonoids were administered only during ischemia/reperfusion, baicalein, procyanidin B2, and catechin significantly reduced cell death. If flavonoids were administered just at reperfusion, only baicalein and procyanidin B2 had protective effects, and the efficacy was less. Flavonoids possess specific but differential radical scavenging capacity, which, in conjunction with the timing of treatment, affects their protective efficacy in cardiomyocytes exposed to ischemia/reperfusion.
PMID: 17475241