|
|
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result sql = Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies.
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = >;code = 62
result sql = Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.
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char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies.
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
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char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
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char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
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char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = R;code = 82
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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result sql = Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.
Publication: Pest Manag. Sci. 2007 Jul ;63(7)::699-706.
Publication Date: 2007 Jul
Study Author(s): Bacci, Leandro;Crespo, André L B;Galvan, Tederson L;Pereira, Eliseu J G;Picanço, Marcelo C;Silva, Gerson A;Chediak, Mateus;
Institution: Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2007 Jul
Study Author(s): Bacci, Leandro;Crespo, André L B;Galvan, Tederson L;Pereira, Eliseu J G;Picanço, Marcelo C;Silva, Gerson A;Chediak, Mateus;
Institution: Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.
PMID: 17523144
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