char = B;code = 66 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = C;code = 67 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds (Ceragenins).
Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds (Ceragenins).char = C;code = 67 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = 8;code = 56 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Ceragenins are cationic bile salt derivatives having antimicrobial activity. The interactions of several ceragenins with phospholipid bilayers were tested in different systems. The ceragenins are capable of forming specific associations with several phospholipid species that may be involved with their antimicrobial action. Their antimicrobial activity is lower in bacteria that have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine. Gram negative bacteria with a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine exhibit sensitivity to different ceragenins that corresponds to the extent of interaction of these compounds with phospholipids, including the ability of different ceragenins to induce leakage of aqueous contents from phosphatidylethanolamine-rich liposomes. A second class of bacteria having cell membranes composed largely of anionic lipids and having a low content of phosphatidylethanolamine are very sensitive to the action of the ceragenins but they exhibit similar minimal inhibitory concentrations with most of the ceragenins and for different strains of bacteria. Although Gram negative bacteria generally have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine, there are a few exceptions. In addition, a mutant strain of Escherichia coli has been made that is essentially devoid of phophatidylethanolamine, although 80% of the lipid of the wild-type strain is phosphatidylethanolamine. Furthermore, certain Gram positive bacteria are also exceptions in that they can have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine. We find that the antimicrobial action of the ceragenins correlates better with the content of phosphatidylethanolamine in the bacterial membrane than whether or not the bacteria has an outer membrane. Thus, the bacterial lipid composition can be an important factor in determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial agents.
Publication: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2007 Oct ;1768(10)::2500-9.
Publication Date: 2007 Oct
Study Author(s): Epand, Raquel F;Savage, Paul B;Epand, Richard M;
Institution: Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
Shortcut link to this study:
Ceragenins are cationic bile salt derivatives having antimicrobial activity. The interactions of several ceragenins with phospholipid bilayers were tested in different systems. The ceragenins are capable of forming specific associations with several phospholipid species that may be involved with their antimicrobial action. Their antimicrobial activity is lower in bacteria that have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine. Gram negative bacteria with a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine exhibit sensitivity to different ceragenins that corresponds to the extent of interaction of these compounds with phospholipids, including the ability of different ceragenins to induce leakage of aqueous contents from phosphatidylethanolamine-rich liposomes. A second class of bacteria having cell membranes composed largely of anionic lipids and having a low content of phosphatidylethanolamine are very sensitive to the action of the ceragenins but they exhibit similar minimal inhibitory concentrations with most of the ceragenins and for different strains of bacteria. Although Gram negative bacteria generally have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine, there are a few exceptions. In addition, a mutant strain of Escherichia coli has been made that is essentially devoid of phophatidylethanolamine, although 80% of the lipid of the wild-type strain is phosphatidylethanolamine. Furthermore, certain Gram positive bacteria are also exceptions in that they can have a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine. We find that the antimicrobial action of the ceragenins correlates better with the content of phosphatidylethanolamine in the bacterial membrane than whether or not the bacteria has an outer membrane. Thus, the bacterial lipid composition can be an important factor in determining the sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial agents.
PMID: 17599802