char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Calcium carbonate gallstones in children.

Calcium carbonate gallstones in children.

char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = K;code = 75
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = O;code = 79
char = U;code = 85
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 9;code = 57
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
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char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = m;code = 109
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char = 6;code = 54
char = 3;code = 51
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
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char = u;code = 117
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char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = E;code = 69
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
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char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = -;code = 45
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 7;code = 55
char = 8;code = 56
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 4;code = 52
char = 8;code = 56
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = 1;code = 49
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 3;code = 51
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = /;code = 47
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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result sql = BACKGROUND : In the United States, cholesterol stones account for 70% to 95% of adult gallstones and black pigment stones for most of the remainder. Calcium carbonate stones are exceptionally rare. A previous analysis of a small number of pediatric gallstones from the north of England showed a remarkably high prevalence of calcium carbonate stones. The aims of this study were to analyze a much larger series of pediatric gallstones from our region and to compare their chemical composition with a series of adult gallstones from the same geographic area.

METHODS : A consecutive series of gallbladder stones from 63 children and 50 adults from the north of England were analyzed in detail using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Demographic and clinical data were collected on all patients. The relative proportions of each major stone component were assessed: cholesterol, protein and calcium salts of bilirubin, fatty acids, calcium carbonate, and hydroxyapatite.

RESULTS : Thirty-nine (78%) adults had typical cholesterol stones, 7 (14%) had black pigment bilirubinate stones, and only 2 (4%) had calcium carbonate stones. In contrast, 30 (48%) children had black pigment stones, 13 (21%) had cholesterol stones, 15 (24%) had calcium carbonate stones, 3 (5%) had protein dominant stones, and 2 (3%) had brown pigment stones. In children, cholesterol stones were more likely in overweight adolescent girls with a family history of gallstones, whereas black pigment stones were equally common in boys and girls and associated with hemolysis, parenteral nutrition, and neonatal abdominal surgery. Calcium carbonate stones were more common in boys, and almost half had undergone neonatal abdominal surgery and/or required neonatal intensive care.

CONCLUSION : The composition of pediatric gallstones differs significantly from that found in adults. In particular, one quarter of the children in this series had calcium carbonate stones, previously considered rare. Geographic differences are not the major reason for the high prevalence of calcium carbonate gallstones in children.

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