|
|
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = M;code = 77
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char = f;code = 102
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char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
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char = .;code = 46
result sql = Susceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms.
Susceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms.char = <;code = 60
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char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = K;code = 75
char = G;code = 71
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char = O;code = 79
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char = N;code = 78
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char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
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char = <;code = 60
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = y;code = 121
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char = g;code = 103
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char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = L;code = 76
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char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
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char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
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char = m;code = 109
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char = <;code = 60
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
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char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
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char = b;code = 98
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char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
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char = 7;code = 55
char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = N;code = 78
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = BACKGROUND : Neonicotinoid baits are currently replacing anticholinesterase baits for control of adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Introduction of new insecticides includes evaluation of their cross-resistance potential, which was assessed for thiamethoxam in field populations from Denmark.
RESULTS : In feeding bioassay with a susceptible strain, thiamethoxam LC(50) at 72 h was 1.7 microg thiamethoxam g(-1) sugar, making it 19-fold, 11-fold and threefold more toxic to houseflies than azamethiphos, methomyl and spinosad respectively. The field populations were 6-76-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. There was no correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The toxicity in feeding bioassay at 72 h of imidacloprid in a susceptible strain was 32 microg imidacloprid g(-1) sugar at LC(50), making it 19-fold less toxic to houseflies than thiamethoxam. There was a strong significant correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in field populations.
CONCLUSION : Neonicotinoid-resistant houseflies were present at a detectable and noticeable level before thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were introduced for housefly control in Denmark. The toxicity of thiamethoxam is explained by other parameters than the toxicities of spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The cross-resistance between thiamethoxam and imidacloprid indicates a coincidence of mechanism of the toxicity and resistance in the field populations.
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Susceptibility to thiamethoxam of Musca domestica from Danish livestock farms.
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = K;code = 75
char = G;code = 71
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char = O;code = 79
char = U;code = 85
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = N;code = 78
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = .;code = 46
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = -;code = 45
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Neonicotinoid baits are currently replacing anticholinesterase baits for control of adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Introduction of new insecticides includes evaluation of their cross-resistance potential, which was assessed for thiamethoxam in field populations from Denmark.
RESULTS : In feeding bioassay with a susceptible strain, thiamethoxam LC(50) at 72 h was 1.7 microg thiamethoxam g(-1) sugar, making it 19-fold, 11-fold and threefold more toxic to houseflies than azamethiphos, methomyl and spinosad respectively. The field populations were 6-76-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. There was no correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The toxicity in feeding bioassay at 72 h of imidacloprid in a susceptible strain was 32 microg imidacloprid g(-1) sugar at LC(50), making it 19-fold less toxic to houseflies than thiamethoxam. There was a strong significant correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in field populations.
CONCLUSION : Neonicotinoid-resistant houseflies were present at a detectable and noticeable level before thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were introduced for housefly control in Denmark. The toxicity of thiamethoxam is explained by other parameters than the toxicities of spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The cross-resistance between thiamethoxam and imidacloprid indicates a coincidence of mechanism of the toxicity and resistance in the field populations.
Publication: Pest Manag. Sci. 2008 Feb ;64(2)::126-32.
Publication Date: 2008 Feb
Study Author(s): Kristensen, Michael;Jespersen, Jørgen B;
Institution: Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2008 Feb
Study Author(s): Kristensen, Michael;Jespersen, Jørgen B;
Institution: Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Neonicotinoid baits are currently replacing anticholinesterase baits for control of adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Introduction of new insecticides includes evaluation of their cross-resistance potential, which was assessed for thiamethoxam in field populations from Denmark.
RESULTS : In feeding bioassay with a susceptible strain, thiamethoxam LC(50) at 72 h was 1.7 microg thiamethoxam g(-1) sugar, making it 19-fold, 11-fold and threefold more toxic to houseflies than azamethiphos, methomyl and spinosad respectively. The field populations were 6-76-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. There was no correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The toxicity in feeding bioassay at 72 h of imidacloprid in a susceptible strain was 32 microg imidacloprid g(-1) sugar at LC(50), making it 19-fold less toxic to houseflies than thiamethoxam. There was a strong significant correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in field populations.
CONCLUSION : Neonicotinoid-resistant houseflies were present at a detectable and noticeable level before thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were introduced for housefly control in Denmark. The toxicity of thiamethoxam is explained by other parameters than the toxicities of spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The cross-resistance between thiamethoxam and imidacloprid indicates a coincidence of mechanism of the toxicity and resistance in the field populations.
RESULTS : In feeding bioassay with a susceptible strain, thiamethoxam LC(50) at 72 h was 1.7 microg thiamethoxam g(-1) sugar, making it 19-fold, 11-fold and threefold more toxic to houseflies than azamethiphos, methomyl and spinosad respectively. The field populations were 6-76-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. There was no correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The toxicity in feeding bioassay at 72 h of imidacloprid in a susceptible strain was 32 microg imidacloprid g(-1) sugar at LC(50), making it 19-fold less toxic to houseflies than thiamethoxam. There was a strong significant correlation between the toxicities of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in field populations.
CONCLUSION : Neonicotinoid-resistant houseflies were present at a detectable and noticeable level before thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were introduced for housefly control in Denmark. The toxicity of thiamethoxam is explained by other parameters than the toxicities of spinosad, dimethoate, methomyl, bioresmethrin or azamethiphos. The cross-resistance between thiamethoxam and imidacloprid indicates a coincidence of mechanism of the toxicity and resistance in the field populations.
PMID: 17972302
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