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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Abiotic degradation (photodegradation and hydrolysis) of imidazolinone herbicides.
Abiotic degradation (photodegradation and hydrolysis) of imidazolinone herbicides.
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char = l;code = 108
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char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
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char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
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char = 3;code = 51
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
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char = .;code = 46
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
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char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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result sql = The abiotic degradation of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin was investigated under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis, where it occurred, and photodegradation both followed first-order kinetics for all herbicides. There was no hydrolysis of any of the herbicides in buffer solutions at pH 3 or pH 7; however, slow hydrolysis occurred at pH 9. Estimated half-lives for the three herbicides in solution in the dark were 6.5, 9.2 and 9.6 months for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Degradation of the herbicides in the light was considerably more rapid than in the dark with half lives for the three herbicides of 1.8, 9.8 and 9.1 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. The presence of humic acids in the solution reduced the rate of photodegradation for all three herbicides, with higher concentrations of humic acids generally having greater effect. Photodegradation of imazethapyr was the least sensitive to humic acids. The enantioselectivity of photodegradation was investigated using imazaquin, with photodegradation occurring at the same rate for both enantiomers. Abiotic degradation of imidazolinone herbicides on the soil surface only occurred in the presence of light. The rate of degradation for all herbicides was slower than in solution, with half-lives of 15.3, 24.6 and 30.9 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Abiotic degradation of these herbicides is likely to be slow in the environment and is only likely to occur in clear water or on the soil surface.

Publication: J Environ Sci Health B 2008 Feb ;43(2)::105-12. :doi: 10.1080/03601230701794968.
Publication Date: 2008 Feb
Study Author(s): Ramezani, Mohammadkazem;Oliver, Danielle P;Kookana, Rai S;Gill, Gurjeet;Preston, Christopher;
Institution: School of Agriculture, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
The abiotic degradation of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin was investigated under controlled conditions. Hydrolysis, where it occurred, and photodegradation both followed first-order kinetics for all herbicides. There was no hydrolysis of any of the herbicides in buffer solutions at pH 3 or pH 7; however, slow hydrolysis occurred at pH 9. Estimated half-lives for the three herbicides in solution in the dark were 6.5, 9.2 and 9.6 months for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Degradation of the herbicides in the light was considerably more rapid than in the dark with half lives for the three herbicides of 1.8, 9.8 and 9.1 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. The presence of humic acids in the solution reduced the rate of photodegradation for all three herbicides, with higher concentrations of humic acids generally having greater effect. Photodegradation of imazethapyr was the least sensitive to humic acids. The enantioselectivity of photodegradation was investigated using imazaquin, with photodegradation occurring at the same rate for both enantiomers. Abiotic degradation of imidazolinone herbicides on the soil surface only occurred in the presence of light. The rate of degradation for all herbicides was slower than in solution, with half-lives of 15.3, 24.6 and 30.9 days for imazaquin, imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively. Abiotic degradation of these herbicides is likely to be slow in the environment and is only likely to occur in clear water or on the soil surface.
PMID: 18246501

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