|
|
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result sql = Antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin/UVA combination (365 nm) in vitro for bacterial and fungal isolates: a potential new treatment for infectious keratitis.
Antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin/UVA combination (365 nm) in vitro for bacterial and fungal isolates: a potential new treatment for infectious keratitis.char = <;code = 60
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = z;code = 122
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 9;code = 57
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 8;code = 56
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = /;code = 47
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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result sql = PURPOSE : To demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of riboflavin/UVA (365 nm) against common pathogens.
METHODS : One group of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PA], Staphylococcus aureus [SA], and Staphylococcus epidermidis [SE]) was tested by using Kirby-Bauer discs with (1) empty disc (Control - C); (2) riboflavin 0.1% (B2); (3) riboflavin 0.1% previously activated by UVA (B2'); (4) UVA alone (UVA); (5) group 2+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2); and (6) group 3+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2'). In addition, another group of microbes was tested with the same approach: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA), drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), and Candida albicans (CA). The mean growth inhibition zone (GIZ) in square millimeters was measured around the discs. The mean standard deviation (MSD) was calculated to be 3.65 when alpha = 0.01. A mean deviation (MD) > MSD indicates a significant difference.
RESULTS : In the first group, the GIZ was significantly greater after UVA (MD = 14.30), UVA+B2 (MD = 39.61), and UVA+B2' (MD = 40.45) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective than UVA+B2 (MD = 25.31) and UVA+B2' (MD = 26.15). The second group demonstrated increased GIZ in UVA (MD = 6.98), UVA+B2 (MD = 17.80), and UVA+B2' (MD = 21.15) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective against the second group of bacteria than was UVA+B2 (MD = 10.82) and UVA+B2' (MD = 14.17). CA did not show any GIZ after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS : Riboflavin/UVA was effective against SA, SE, PA, MRSA, MDRPA, and DRSP, but was ineffective on CA and has the potential for use in treatment of microbial keratitis in the future.
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result sql = Antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin/UVA combination (365 nm) in vitro for bacterial and fungal isolates: a potential new treatment for infectious keratitis.
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char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
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char = S;code = 83
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = P;code = 80
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char = a;code = 97
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char = r;code = 114
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char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
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char = M;code = 77
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char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = A;code = 65
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = z;code = 122
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = =;code = 61
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char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
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char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
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char = <;code = 60
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = p;code = 112
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = Z;code = 90
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
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char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
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char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
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char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = C;code = 67
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char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = B;code = 66
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char = U;code = 85
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char = A;code = 65
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
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char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
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char = U;code = 85
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char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
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char = ;code = 32
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char = M;code = 77
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char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = Z;code = 90
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char = M;code = 77
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char = B;code = 66
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char = M;code = 77
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = U;code = 85
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char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
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char = M;code = 77
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char = a;code = 97
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char = B;code = 66
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
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char = f;code = 102
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
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char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
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char = =;code = 61
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = .;code = 46
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = A;code = 65
char = +;code = 43
char = B;code = 66
char = 2;code = 50
char = ';code = 39
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
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char = C;code = 67
char = A;code = 65
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = Z;code = 90
char = ;code = 32
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result sql = PURPOSE : To demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of riboflavin/UVA (365 nm) against common pathogens.
METHODS : One group of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PA], Staphylococcus aureus [SA], and Staphylococcus epidermidis [SE]) was tested by using Kirby-Bauer discs with (1) empty disc (Control - C); (2) riboflavin 0.1% (B2); (3) riboflavin 0.1% previously activated by UVA (B2'); (4) UVA alone (UVA); (5) group 2+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2); and (6) group 3+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2'). In addition, another group of microbes was tested with the same approach: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA), drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), and Candida albicans (CA). The mean growth inhibition zone (GIZ) in square millimeters was measured around the discs. The mean standard deviation (MSD) was calculated to be 3.65 when alpha = 0.01. A mean deviation (MD) > MSD indicates a significant difference.
RESULTS : In the first group, the GIZ was significantly greater after UVA (MD = 14.30), UVA+B2 (MD = 39.61), and UVA+B2' (MD = 40.45) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective than UVA+B2 (MD = 25.31) and UVA+B2' (MD = 26.15). The second group demonstrated increased GIZ in UVA (MD = 6.98), UVA+B2 (MD = 17.80), and UVA+B2' (MD = 21.15) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective against the second group of bacteria than was UVA+B2 (MD = 10.82) and UVA+B2' (MD = 14.17). CA did not show any GIZ after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS : Riboflavin/UVA was effective against SA, SE, PA, MRSA, MDRPA, and DRSP, but was ineffective on CA and has the potential for use in treatment of microbial keratitis in the future.
Publication: Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008 Aug ;49(8)::3402-8. :doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1592.
Publication Date: 2008 Aug
Study Author(s): Martins, Suy Anne R;Combs, Juan Castro;Noguera, Guillermo;Camacho, Walter;Wittmann, Priscila;Walther, Rhonda;Cano, Marisol;Dick, James;Behrens, Ashley;
Institution: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2008 Aug
Study Author(s): Martins, Suy Anne R;Combs, Juan Castro;Noguera, Guillermo;Camacho, Walter;Wittmann, Priscila;Walther, Rhonda;Cano, Marisol;Dick, James;Behrens, Ashley;
Institution: Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
PURPOSE : To demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of riboflavin/UVA (365 nm) against common pathogens.
METHODS : One group of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PA], Staphylococcus aureus [SA], and Staphylococcus epidermidis [SE]) was tested by using Kirby-Bauer discs with (1) empty disc (Control - C); (2) riboflavin 0.1% (B2); (3) riboflavin 0.1% previously activated by UVA (B2'); (4) UVA alone (UVA); (5) group 2+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2); and (6) group 3+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2'). In addition, another group of microbes was tested with the same approach: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA), drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), and Candida albicans (CA). The mean growth inhibition zone (GIZ) in square millimeters was measured around the discs. The mean standard deviation (MSD) was calculated to be 3.65 when alpha = 0.01. A mean deviation (MD) > MSD indicates a significant difference.
RESULTS : In the first group, the GIZ was significantly greater after UVA (MD = 14.30), UVA+B2 (MD = 39.61), and UVA+B2' (MD = 40.45) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective than UVA+B2 (MD = 25.31) and UVA+B2' (MD = 26.15). The second group demonstrated increased GIZ in UVA (MD = 6.98), UVA+B2 (MD = 17.80), and UVA+B2' (MD = 21.15) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective against the second group of bacteria than was UVA+B2 (MD = 10.82) and UVA+B2' (MD = 14.17). CA did not show any GIZ after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS : Riboflavin/UVA was effective against SA, SE, PA, MRSA, MDRPA, and DRSP, but was ineffective on CA and has the potential for use in treatment of microbial keratitis in the future.
METHODS : One group of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PA], Staphylococcus aureus [SA], and Staphylococcus epidermidis [SE]) was tested by using Kirby-Bauer discs with (1) empty disc (Control - C); (2) riboflavin 0.1% (B2); (3) riboflavin 0.1% previously activated by UVA (B2'); (4) UVA alone (UVA); (5) group 2+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2); and (6) group 3+additional UVA exposure (UVA+B2'). In addition, another group of microbes was tested with the same approach: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA), drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), and Candida albicans (CA). The mean growth inhibition zone (GIZ) in square millimeters was measured around the discs. The mean standard deviation (MSD) was calculated to be 3.65 when alpha = 0.01. A mean deviation (MD) > MSD indicates a significant difference.
RESULTS : In the first group, the GIZ was significantly greater after UVA (MD = 14.30), UVA+B2 (MD = 39.61), and UVA+B2' (MD = 40.45) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective than UVA+B2 (MD = 25.31) and UVA+B2' (MD = 26.15). The second group demonstrated increased GIZ in UVA (MD = 6.98), UVA+B2 (MD = 17.80), and UVA+B2' (MD = 21.15) when compared with C, B2, and B2'. UVA alone was less effective against the second group of bacteria than was UVA+B2 (MD = 10.82) and UVA+B2' (MD = 14.17). CA did not show any GIZ after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS : Riboflavin/UVA was effective against SA, SE, PA, MRSA, MDRPA, and DRSP, but was ineffective on CA and has the potential for use in treatment of microbial keratitis in the future.
PMID: 18408193
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