|
|
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result sql = Cardiac sarcoidosis and heart transplantation: a report of four consecutive patients.
Cardiac sarcoidosis and heart transplantation: a report of four consecutive patients.char = H;code = 72
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char = C;code = 67
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result sql = Heart transplantation (HTx) is a well-established treatment for severe cardiac failure. However, HTx for cardiac sarcoidosis is rare; less than 80 patients have been reported worldwide. In many patients, the diagnosis was not made prior to HTx. The aim of this study was to describe the use of HTx in the treatment of severe cardiac sarcoidosis. The series was comprised of four Caucasian patients (1 male, 3 females), aged 25-57 years. HTx were performed in the period 1990-2006. None of the patients had clinically overt extra-cardiac sarcoidosis. In one patient the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was proven prior to HTx. In three patients, all with dilated cardiomyopathy due to myocardial sarcoidosis, the final diagnosis was obtained by examination of the explanted heart. Arrythmias (supraventricular and ventricular), heart block, mitral valve insufficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy were prominent clinical features. None of the patients had recurrence of sarcoid disease in the allograft. Two patients are long-term survivors and two are deceased, one of primary graft failure, the other from Cytomegalovirus myocarditis. In conclusion, HTx is a viable treatment for cardiac sarcoidosis with end stage cardiac failure. Cardiac sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose. Myocardial biopsy has a low diagnostic sensitivity. However, when the newest non-invasive diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are applied, an endomyocardial biopsy should not be mandatory to make a diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.
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result sql = Cardiac sarcoidosis and heart transplantation: a report of four consecutive patients.
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = T;code = 84
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = T;code = 84
char = x;code = 120
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = T;code = 84
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = T;code = 84
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = T;code = 84
char = x;code = 120
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
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result sql = Heart transplantation (HTx) is a well-established treatment for severe cardiac failure. However, HTx for cardiac sarcoidosis is rare; less than 80 patients have been reported worldwide. In many patients, the diagnosis was not made prior to HTx. The aim of this study was to describe the use of HTx in the treatment of severe cardiac sarcoidosis. The series was comprised of four Caucasian patients (1 male, 3 females), aged 25-57 years. HTx were performed in the period 1990-2006. None of the patients had clinically overt extra-cardiac sarcoidosis. In one patient the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was proven prior to HTx. In three patients, all with dilated cardiomyopathy due to myocardial sarcoidosis, the final diagnosis was obtained by examination of the explanted heart. Arrythmias (supraventricular and ventricular), heart block, mitral valve insufficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy were prominent clinical features. None of the patients had recurrence of sarcoid disease in the allograft. Two patients are long-term survivors and two are deceased, one of primary graft failure, the other from Cytomegalovirus myocarditis. In conclusion, HTx is a viable treatment for cardiac sarcoidosis with end stage cardiac failure. Cardiac sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose. Myocardial biopsy has a low diagnostic sensitivity. However, when the newest non-invasive diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are applied, an endomyocardial biopsy should not be mandatory to make a diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Publication: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2008 Sep ;25(1)::51-9.
Publication Date: 2008 Sep
Study Author(s): Milman, N;Andersen, C B;Mortensen, S A;Sander, K;
Institution: The Heart Centre, Division of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2008 Sep
Study Author(s): Milman, N;Andersen, C B;Mortensen, S A;Sander, K;
Institution: The Heart Centre, Division of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Heart transplantation (HTx) is a well-established treatment for severe cardiac failure. However, HTx for cardiac sarcoidosis is rare; less than 80 patients have been reported worldwide. In many patients, the diagnosis was not made prior to HTx. The aim of this study was to describe the use of HTx in the treatment of severe cardiac sarcoidosis. The series was comprised of four Caucasian patients (1 male, 3 females), aged 25-57 years. HTx were performed in the period 1990-2006. None of the patients had clinically overt extra-cardiac sarcoidosis. In one patient the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was proven prior to HTx. In three patients, all with dilated cardiomyopathy due to myocardial sarcoidosis, the final diagnosis was obtained by examination of the explanted heart. Arrythmias (supraventricular and ventricular), heart block, mitral valve insufficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy were prominent clinical features. None of the patients had recurrence of sarcoid disease in the allograft. Two patients are long-term survivors and two are deceased, one of primary graft failure, the other from Cytomegalovirus myocarditis. In conclusion, HTx is a viable treatment for cardiac sarcoidosis with end stage cardiac failure. Cardiac sarcoidosis is difficult to diagnose. Myocardial biopsy has a low diagnostic sensitivity. However, when the newest non-invasive diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are applied, an endomyocardial biopsy should not be mandatory to make a diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis.
PMID: 19070261
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