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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
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char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = T;code = 84
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char = I;code = 73
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char = h;code = 104
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
result sql = Evidence for a separate mechanism of toxicity for the Type I and the Type II pyrethroid insecticides.
Evidence for a separate mechanism of toxicity for the Type I and the Type II pyrethroid insecticides.
char = N;code = 78
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = d;code = 100
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char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
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char = (;code = 40
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char = f;code = 102
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char = r;code = 114
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char = S;code = 83
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char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
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char = r;code = 114
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char = h;code = 104
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ];code = 93
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
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char = F;code = 70
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char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = N;code = 78
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
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char = r;code = 114
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
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char = p;code = 112
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = v;code = 118
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char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
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char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = q;code = 113
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = T;code = 84
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
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char = T;code = 84
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char = -;code = 45
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char = e;code = 101
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char = I;code = 73
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
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char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
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char = O;code = 79
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char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
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char = s;code = 115
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char = E;code = 69
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char = t;code = 116
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char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = x;code = 120
char = /;code = 47
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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result sql = Neurotoxicity and mechanistic data were collected for six alpha-cyano pyrethroids (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) and up to six non-cyano containing pyrethroids (bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin [or allethrin], permethrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin [or its cis-isomer, cismethrin] and tefluthrin under standard conditions. Factor analysis and multivariate dissimilarity analysis were employed to evaluate four independent data sets comprised of (1) fifty-six behavioral and physiological parameters from an acute neurotoxicity functional observatory battery (FOB), (2) eight electrophysiological parameters from voltage clamp experiments conducted on the Na(v)1.8 sodium channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes, (3) indices of efficacy, potency and binding calculated for calcium ion influx across neuronal membranes, membrane depolarization and glutamate released from rat brain synaptosomes and (4) changes in chloride channel open state probability using a patch voltage clamp technique for membranes isolated from mouse neuroblastoma cells. The pyrethroids segregated into Type I (T--syndrome-tremors) and Type II (CS syndrome--choreoathetosis with salivation) groups based on FOB data. Of the alpha-cyano pyrethroids, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin arrayed themselves strongly in a dose-dependent manner along two factors that characterize the CS syndrome. Esfenvalerate and fenpropathrin displayed weaker response profiles compared to the non-cyano pyrethroids. Visual clustering on multidimensional scaling (MDS) maps based upon sodium ion channel and calcium influx and glutamate release dissimilarities gave similar groupings. The non-cyano containing pyrethroids were arrayed in a dose-dependent manner along two different factors that characterize the T-syndrome. Bifenthrin was an outlier when MDS maps of the non-cyano pyrethroids were based on sodium ion channel characteristics and permethrin was an outlier when the MDS maps were based on calcium influx/glutamate release potency. Four of six alpha-cyano pyrethroids (lambda-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenpropathrin) reduced open chloride channel probability. The R-isomers of lambda-l-cyhalothrin reduced open channel probability whereas the S-isomers, antagonized the action of the R-isomers. None of the non-cyano pyrethroids reduced open channel probability, except bioallethrin, which gave a weak response. Overall, based upon neurotoxicity data and the effect of pyrethroids on sodium, calcium and chloride ion channels, it is proposed that bioallethrin, cismethrin, tefluthrin, bifenthrin and permethrin belong to one common mechanism group and deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin belong to a second. Fenpropathrin and esfenvalerate occupy an intermediate position between these two groups.

Publication: Neurotoxicology 2009 Nov ;30 Suppl 1:S17-31. :doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.09.002.
Publication Date: 2009 Nov
Study Author(s): Breckenridge, Charles B;Holden, Larry;Sturgess, Nicholas;Weiner, Myra;Sheets, Larry;Sargent, Dana;Soderlund, David M;Choi, Jin-Sung;Symington, Steve;Clark, J Marshall;Burr, Steve;Ray, David;
Institution: Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., P.O. Box 18300, Greensboro, NC 27419-8300, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Neurotoxicity and mechanistic data were collected for six alpha-cyano pyrethroids (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin) and up to six non-cyano containing pyrethroids (bifenthrin, S-bioallethrin [or allethrin], permethrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin [or its cis-isomer, cismethrin] and tefluthrin under standard conditions. Factor analysis and multivariate dissimilarity analysis were employed to evaluate four independent data sets comprised of (1) fifty-six behavioral and physiological parameters from an acute neurotoxicity functional observatory battery (FOB), (2) eight electrophysiological parameters from voltage clamp experiments conducted on the Na(v)1.8 sodium channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes, (3) indices of efficacy, potency and binding calculated for calcium ion influx across neuronal membranes, membrane depolarization and glutamate released from rat brain synaptosomes and (4) changes in chloride channel open state probability using a patch voltage clamp technique for membranes isolated from mouse neuroblastoma cells. The pyrethroids segregated into Type I (T--syndrome-tremors) and Type II (CS syndrome--choreoathetosis with salivation) groups based on FOB data. Of the alpha-cyano pyrethroids, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin arrayed themselves strongly in a dose-dependent manner along two factors that characterize the CS syndrome. Esfenvalerate and fenpropathrin displayed weaker response profiles compared to the non-cyano pyrethroids. Visual clustering on multidimensional scaling (MDS) maps based upon sodium ion channel and calcium influx and glutamate release dissimilarities gave similar groupings. The non-cyano containing pyrethroids were arrayed in a dose-dependent manner along two different factors that characterize the T-syndrome. Bifenthrin was an outlier when MDS maps of the non-cyano pyrethroids were based on sodium ion channel characteristics and permethrin was an outlier when the MDS maps were based on calcium influx/glutamate release potency. Four of six alpha-cyano pyrethroids (lambda-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenpropathrin) reduced open chloride channel probability. The R-isomers of lambda-l-cyhalothrin reduced open channel probability whereas the S-isomers, antagonized the action of the R-isomers. None of the non-cyano pyrethroids reduced open channel probability, except bioallethrin, which gave a weak response. Overall, based upon neurotoxicity data and the effect of pyrethroids on sodium, calcium and chloride ion channels, it is proposed that bioallethrin, cismethrin, tefluthrin, bifenthrin and permethrin belong to one common mechanism group and deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and cypermethrin belong to a second. Fenpropathrin and esfenvalerate occupy an intermediate position between these two groups.
PMID: 19766671

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