|
|
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = .;code = 46
result sql = CO(2), CO, and Hg emissions from the Truman Shepherd and Ruth Mullins coal fires, eastern Kentucky, USA.
CO(2), CO, and Hg emissions from the Truman Shepherd and Ruth Mullins coal fires, eastern Kentucky, USA.char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = t;code = 116
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
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char = 7;code = 55
char = 2;code = 50
char = t;code = 116
char = /;code = 47
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
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char = 0;code = 48
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
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char = H;code = 72
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = 8;code = 56
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char = >;code = 62
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char = 4;code = 52
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = 0;code = 48
char = g;code = 103
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char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
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char = c;code = 99
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char = v;code = 118
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = C;code = 67
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char = m;code = 109
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char = i;code = 105
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char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = x;code = 120
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 6;code = 54
char = );code = 41
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = M;code = 77
char = W;code = 87
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = .;code = 46
char = S;code = 83
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = x;code = 120
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 7;code = 55
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = x;code = 120
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = t;code = 116
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = 8;code = 56
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = t;code = 116
char = /;code = 47
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg) emissions were quantified for two eastern Kentucky coal-seam fires, the Truman Shepherd fire in Floyd County and the Ruth Mullins fire in Perry County. This study is one of the first to estimate gas emissions from coal fires using field measurements at gas vents. The Truman Shepherd fire emissions are nearly 1400t CO(2)/yr and 16kg Hg/yr resulting from a coal combustion rate of 450-550t/yr. The sum of CO(2) emissions from seven vents at the Ruth Mullins fire is 726+/-72t/yr, suggesting that the fire is consuming about 250-280t coal/yr. Total Ruth Mullins fire CO and Hg emissions are estimated at 21+/-1.8t/yr and >840+/-170g/yr, respectively. The CO(2) emissions are environmentally significant, but low compared to coal-fired power plants; for example, 3.9x10(6)t CO(2)/yr for a 514-MW boiler in Kentucky. Using simple calculations, CO(2) and Hg emissions from coal-fires in the U.S. are estimated at 1.4x10(7)-2.9x10(8)t/yr and 0.58-11.5t/yr, respectively. This initial work indicates that coal fires may be an important source of CO(2), CO, Hg and other atmospheric constituents.
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = .;code = 46
result sql = CO(2), CO, and Hg emissions from the Truman Shepherd and Ruth Mullins coal fires, eastern Kentucky, USA.
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
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char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = /;code = 47
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
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char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
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char = r;code = 114
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char = u;code = 117
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
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char = );code = 41
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char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = -;code = 45
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char = l;code = 108
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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result sql = Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg) emissions were quantified for two eastern Kentucky coal-seam fires, the Truman Shepherd fire in Floyd County and the Ruth Mullins fire in Perry County. This study is one of the first to estimate gas emissions from coal fires using field measurements at gas vents. The Truman Shepherd fire emissions are nearly 1400t CO(2)/yr and 16kg Hg/yr resulting from a coal combustion rate of 450-550t/yr. The sum of CO(2) emissions from seven vents at the Ruth Mullins fire is 726+/-72t/yr, suggesting that the fire is consuming about 250-280t coal/yr. Total Ruth Mullins fire CO and Hg emissions are estimated at 21+/-1.8t/yr and >840+/-170g/yr, respectively. The CO(2) emissions are environmentally significant, but low compared to coal-fired power plants; for example, 3.9x10(6)t CO(2)/yr for a 514-MW boiler in Kentucky. Using simple calculations, CO(2) and Hg emissions from coal-fires in the U.S. are estimated at 1.4x10(7)-2.9x10(8)t/yr and 0.58-11.5t/yr, respectively. This initial work indicates that coal fires may be an important source of CO(2), CO, Hg and other atmospheric constituents.
Publication: Sci. Total Environ. 2010 Mar 1 ;408(7)::1628-33. :doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.005.
Publication Date: 2010 Mar 1
Study Author(s): O'Keefe, Jennifer M K;Henke, Kevin R;Hower, James C;Engle, Mark A;Stracher, Glenn B;Stucker, J D;Drew, Jordan W;Staggs, Wayne D;Murray, Tiffany M;Hammond, Maxwell L;Adkins, Kenneth D;Mullins, Bailey J;Lemley, Edward W;
Institution: Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2010 Mar 1
Study Author(s): O'Keefe, Jennifer M K;Henke, Kevin R;Hower, James C;Engle, Mark A;Stracher, Glenn B;Stucker, J D;Drew, Jordan W;Staggs, Wayne D;Murray, Tiffany M;Hammond, Maxwell L;Adkins, Kenneth D;Mullins, Bailey J;Lemley, Edward W;
Institution: Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), and mercury (Hg) emissions were quantified for two eastern Kentucky coal-seam fires, the Truman Shepherd fire in Floyd County and the Ruth Mullins fire in Perry County. This study is one of the first to estimate gas emissions from coal fires using field measurements at gas vents. The Truman Shepherd fire emissions are nearly 1400t CO(2)/yr and 16kg Hg/yr resulting from a coal combustion rate of 450-550t/yr. The sum of CO(2) emissions from seven vents at the Ruth Mullins fire is 726+/-72t/yr, suggesting that the fire is consuming about 250-280t coal/yr. Total Ruth Mullins fire CO and Hg emissions are estimated at 21+/-1.8t/yr and >840+/-170g/yr, respectively. The CO(2) emissions are environmentally significant, but low compared to coal-fired power plants; for example, 3.9x10(6)t CO(2)/yr for a 514-MW boiler in Kentucky. Using simple calculations, CO(2) and Hg emissions from coal-fires in the U.S. are estimated at 1.4x10(7)-2.9x10(8)t/yr and 0.58-11.5t/yr, respectively. This initial work indicates that coal fires may be an important source of CO(2), CO, Hg and other atmospheric constituents.
PMID: 20071005
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