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result sql = Evidence for the existence of categorically distinct disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression is mixed: neuropsychological impairments may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and major depression show similar neuropsychological and frontal lobe disturbances; and overlap in biochemical anomalies among the disorders has also been reported. Interestingly, there are very few studies that directly compare all diagnoses. The present study compares cognitive perseveration in these three diagnostic groups using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to examine performance across patients with schizophrenia (n=143), bipolar disorder (n=25) and major depression (n=21). Individuals used in this sample were 18-45 years old at time of testing to eliminate confounds of aging. Sex ratios within each diagnostic group are comparable to those of the national population. Univariate analyses examining diagnostic group and percent perseverative error revealed no significant differences in WCST performance across the diagnostic groups. Examination of clinical variables in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia revealed that perseveration is related to negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in young adults.
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result sql = Is perseveration uniquely characteristic of schizophrenia?
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char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = (;code = 40
char = n;code = 110
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
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char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
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char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = C;code = 67
char = S;code = 83
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Evidence for the existence of categorically distinct disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression is mixed: neuropsychological impairments may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and major depression show similar neuropsychological and frontal lobe disturbances; and overlap in biochemical anomalies among the disorders has also been reported. Interestingly, there are very few studies that directly compare all diagnoses. The present study compares cognitive perseveration in these three diagnostic groups using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to examine performance across patients with schizophrenia (n=143), bipolar disorder (n=25) and major depression (n=21). Individuals used in this sample were 18-45 years old at time of testing to eliminate confounds of aging. Sex ratios within each diagnostic group are comparable to those of the national population. Univariate analyses examining diagnostic group and percent perseverative error revealed no significant differences in WCST performance across the diagnostic groups. Examination of clinical variables in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia revealed that perseveration is related to negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in young adults.
Publication: Schizophr. Res. 2010 May ;118(1-3)::128-33. :doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.031.
Publication Date: 2010 May
Study Author(s): Waford, Rachel N;Lewine, Richard;
Institution: University of Louisville, 1st Street and Cardinal Boulevard, Life Sciences Building, Rm 317B, Louisville, KY 40204, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2010 May
Study Author(s): Waford, Rachel N;Lewine, Richard;
Institution: University of Louisville, 1st Street and Cardinal Boulevard, Life Sciences Building, Rm 317B, Louisville, KY 40204, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Evidence for the existence of categorically distinct disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression is mixed: neuropsychological impairments may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and major depression show similar neuropsychological and frontal lobe disturbances; and overlap in biochemical anomalies among the disorders has also been reported. Interestingly, there are very few studies that directly compare all diagnoses. The present study compares cognitive perseveration in these three diagnostic groups using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to examine performance across patients with schizophrenia (n=143), bipolar disorder (n=25) and major depression (n=21). Individuals used in this sample were 18-45 years old at time of testing to eliminate confounds of aging. Sex ratios within each diagnostic group are comparable to those of the national population. Univariate analyses examining diagnostic group and percent perseverative error revealed no significant differences in WCST performance across the diagnostic groups. Examination of clinical variables in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia revealed that perseveration is related to negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in young adults.
PMID: 20202795
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