|
|
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result sql = Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease.
Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease.char = A;code = 65
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result sql = Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by smell dysfunction, as measured by psychophysical tests. Currently, it is unknown whether AD-related alterations in central olfactory system neural activity, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are detectable beyond those observed in healthy elderly. Moreover, it is not known whether such changes are correlated with indices of odor perception and dementia. To investigate these issues, 12 early stage AD patients and 13 nondemented controls underwent fMRI while being exposed to each of three concentrations of lavender oil odorant. All participants were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal at primary olfactory cortex (POC) was weaker in AD than in HC subjects. At the lowest odorant concentration, the BOLD signals within POC, hippocampus, and insula were significantly correlated with UPSIT, MMSE, DRS-2, and CDR scores. The BOLD signal intensity and activation volume within the POC increased significantly as a function of odorant concentration in the AD group, but not in the control group. These findings demonstrate that olfactory fMRI is sensitive to the AD-related olfactory and cognitive functional decline.
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result sql = Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease.
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char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = M;code = 77
char = R;code = 82
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = U;code = 85
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
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char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = S;code = 83
char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = T;code = 84
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = U;code = 85
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char = T;code = 84
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = -;code = 45
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = E;code = 69
char = x;code = 120
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char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
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char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = (;code = 40
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char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = O;code = 79
char = L;code = 76
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = O;code = 79
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = H;code = 72
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
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char = A;code = 65
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = B;code = 66
char = O;code = 79
char = L;code = 76
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = P;code = 80
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char = C;code = 67
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = P;code = 80
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = O;code = 79
char = L;code = 76
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = O;code = 79
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
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result sql = Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by smell dysfunction, as measured by psychophysical tests. Currently, it is unknown whether AD-related alterations in central olfactory system neural activity, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are detectable beyond those observed in healthy elderly. Moreover, it is not known whether such changes are correlated with indices of odor perception and dementia. To investigate these issues, 12 early stage AD patients and 13 nondemented controls underwent fMRI while being exposed to each of three concentrations of lavender oil odorant. All participants were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal at primary olfactory cortex (POC) was weaker in AD than in HC subjects. At the lowest odorant concentration, the BOLD signals within POC, hippocampus, and insula were significantly correlated with UPSIT, MMSE, DRS-2, and CDR scores. The BOLD signal intensity and activation volume within the POC increased significantly as a function of odorant concentration in the AD group, but not in the control group. These findings demonstrate that olfactory fMRI is sensitive to the AD-related olfactory and cognitive functional decline.
Publication: Brain Res. 2010 Oct 21 ;1357:184-94. :doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.018.
Publication Date: 2010 Oct 21
Study Author(s): Wang, Jianli;Eslinger, Paul J;Doty, Richard L;Zimmerman, Erin K;Grunfeld, Robert;Sun, Xiaoyu;Meadowcroft, Mark D;Connor, James R;Price, Joseph L;Smith, Michael B;Yang, Qing X;
Institution: Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Center for NMR Research, PA, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2010 Oct 21
Study Author(s): Wang, Jianli;Eslinger, Paul J;Doty, Richard L;Zimmerman, Erin K;Grunfeld, Robert;Sun, Xiaoyu;Meadowcroft, Mark D;Connor, James R;Price, Joseph L;Smith, Michael B;Yang, Qing X;
Institution: Department of Radiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Center for NMR Research, PA, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by smell dysfunction, as measured by psychophysical tests. Currently, it is unknown whether AD-related alterations in central olfactory system neural activity, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are detectable beyond those observed in healthy elderly. Moreover, it is not known whether such changes are correlated with indices of odor perception and dementia. To investigate these issues, 12 early stage AD patients and 13 nondemented controls underwent fMRI while being exposed to each of three concentrations of lavender oil odorant. All participants were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal at primary olfactory cortex (POC) was weaker in AD than in HC subjects. At the lowest odorant concentration, the BOLD signals within POC, hippocampus, and insula were significantly correlated with UPSIT, MMSE, DRS-2, and CDR scores. The BOLD signal intensity and activation volume within the POC increased significantly as a function of odorant concentration in the AD group, but not in the control group. These findings demonstrate that olfactory fMRI is sensitive to the AD-related olfactory and cognitive functional decline.
PMID: 20709038
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