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result sql = Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption-GC-MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106 μg/m(3), respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.
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result sql = An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools.
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = V;code = 86
char = O;code = 79
char = C;code = 67
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = T;code = 84
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = P;code = 80
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = O;code = 79
char = C;code = 67
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = G;code = 71
char = C;code = 67
char = -;code = 45
char = M;code = 77
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = P;code = 80
char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 9;code = 57
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char = t;code = 116
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char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 8;code = 56
char = 7;code = 55
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 6;code = 54
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char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
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char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
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char = m;code = 109
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char = 3;code = 51
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
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char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
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char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = y;code = 121
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = M;code = 77
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
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char = F;code = 70
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
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char = h;code = 104
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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result sql = Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption-GC-MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106 μg/m(3), respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.
Publication: Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011 Jan ;214(1)::36-46. :doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.008.
Publication Date: 2011 Jan
Study Author(s): Sofuoglu, Sait C;Aslan, Guler;Inal, Fikret;Sofuoglu, Aysun;
Institution: İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Research Center, Gülbahçe, Urla 35430 İzmir, Turkey.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2011 Jan
Study Author(s): Sofuoglu, Sait C;Aslan, Guler;Inal, Fikret;Sofuoglu, Aysun;
Institution: İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Research Center, Gülbahçe, Urla 35430 İzmir, Turkey.
Shortcut link to this study:
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption-GC-MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106 μg/m(3), respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.
PMID: 20833585
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