char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 result sql = The BCCT family of carriers: from physiology to crystal structure.
The BCCT family of carriers: from physiology to crystal structure.char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = T;code = 84 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = /;code = 47 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 4;code = 52 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = -;code = 45 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 4;code = 52 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = -;code = 45 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = -;code = 45 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = T;code = 84 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of cellular hydration and turgor at high osmolarity, many bacteria accumulate compatible solutes. Osmotically controlled uptake systems allow the scavenging of these compounds from scarce environmental sources as effective osmoprotectants. A number of these systems belong to the BCCT family (betaine-choline-carnitine-transporter), sodium- or proton-coupled transporters (e.g. BetP and BetT respectively) that are ubiquitous in microorganisms. The BCCT family also contains CaiT, an L-carnitine/γ-butyrobetaine antiporter that is not involved in osmotic stress responses. The glycine betaine transporter BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a representative for osmoregulated symporters of the BCCT family and functions both as an osmosensor and osmoregulator. The crystal structure of BetP in an occluded conformation in complex with its substrate glycine betaine and two crystal structures of CaiT in an inward-facing open conformation in complex with L-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine were reported recently. These structures and the wealth of biochemical data on the activity control of BetP in response to osmotic stress enable a correlation between the sensing of osmotic stress by a transporter protein with the ensuing regulation of transport activity. Molecular determinants governing the high-affinity binding of the compatible solutes by BetP and CaiT, the coupling in symporters and antiporters, and the osmoregulatory properties are discussed in detail for BetP and various BCCT carriers.
Publication: Mol. Microbiol. 2010 Oct ;78(1)::13-34. :doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07332.x.
Publication Date: 2010 Oct
Study Author(s): Ziegler, Christine;Bremer, Erhard;Krämer, Reinhard;
Institution: Max-Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Street 3, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
Shortcut link to this study:
Increases in the environmental osmolarity are key determinants for the growth of microorganisms. To ensure a physiologically acceptable level of cellular hydration and turgor at high osmolarity, many bacteria accumulate compatible solutes. Osmotically controlled uptake systems allow the scavenging of these compounds from scarce environmental sources as effective osmoprotectants. A number of these systems belong to the BCCT family (betaine-choline-carnitine-transporter), sodium- or proton-coupled transporters (e.g. BetP and BetT respectively) that are ubiquitous in microorganisms. The BCCT family also contains CaiT, an L-carnitine/γ-butyrobetaine antiporter that is not involved in osmotic stress responses. The glycine betaine transporter BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a representative for osmoregulated symporters of the BCCT family and functions both as an osmosensor and osmoregulator. The crystal structure of BetP in an occluded conformation in complex with its substrate glycine betaine and two crystal structures of CaiT in an inward-facing open conformation in complex with L-carnitine and γ-butyrobetaine were reported recently. These structures and the wealth of biochemical data on the activity control of BetP in response to osmotic stress enable a correlation between the sensing of osmotic stress by a transporter protein with the ensuing regulation of transport activity. Molecular determinants governing the high-affinity binding of the compatible solutes by BetP and CaiT, the coupling in symporters and antiporters, and the osmoregulatory properties are discussed in detail for BetP and various BCCT carriers.
PMID: 20923416