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result sql = Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids.
Economic costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids.
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char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = $;code = 36
char = 8;code = 56
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = $;code = 36
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = $;code = 36
char = 9;code = 57
char = 4;code = 52
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = O;code = 79
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = D;code = 68
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = C;code = 67
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = $;code = 36
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = j;code = 106
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 9;code = 57
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = OBJECTIVES : Although the economic costs of substance misuse have been extensively examined in the published literature, information on the costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids is much more limited, despite being a significant and rapidly growing problem in the United States.

METHODS : We estimated the current economic burden of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States in terms of direct substance abuse treatment, medical complications, productivity loss, and criminal justice. We distributed our broad cost estimates among the various drugs of misuse, including prescription opioids, down to the individual drug level.

RESULTS : In 2006, the estimated total cost in the United States of nonmedical use of prescription opioids was $53.4 billion, of which $42 billion (79%) was attributable to lost productivity, $8.2 billion (15%) to criminal justice costs, $2.2 billion (4%) to drug abuse treatment, and $944 million to medical complications (2%). Five drugs--OxyContin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, and methadone--accounted for two-thirds of the total economic burden.

DISCUSSION : The economic cost of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States totals more than $50 billion annually; lost productivity and crime account for the vast majority (94%) of these costs.

Publication: Clin J Pain 2011 Mar-Apr ;27(3)::194-202.
Publication Date: 2011 Mar-Apr
Study Author(s): Hansen, Ryan N;Oster, Gerry;Edelsberg, John;Woody, George E;Sullivan, Sean D;
Institution: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
OBJECTIVES : Although the economic costs of substance misuse have been extensively examined in the published literature, information on the costs of nonmedical use of prescription opioids is much more limited, despite being a significant and rapidly growing problem in the United States.

METHODS : We estimated the current economic burden of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States in terms of direct substance abuse treatment, medical complications, productivity loss, and criminal justice. We distributed our broad cost estimates among the various drugs of misuse, including prescription opioids, down to the individual drug level.

RESULTS : In 2006, the estimated total cost in the United States of nonmedical use of prescription opioids was $53.4 billion, of which $42 billion (79%) was attributable to lost productivity, $8.2 billion (15%) to criminal justice costs, $2.2 billion (4%) to drug abuse treatment, and $944 million to medical complications (2%). Five drugs--OxyContin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, and methadone--accounted for two-thirds of the total economic burden.

DISCUSSION : The economic cost of nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States totals more than $50 billion annually; lost productivity and crime account for the vast majority (94%) of these costs.
PMID: 21178601

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