char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
result sql = The magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation.
The magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation.
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = .;code = 46
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char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = b;code = 98
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char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ";code = 34
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = E;code = 69
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = W;code = 87
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 2;code = 50
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char = #;code = 35
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = ~;code = 126
char = 5;code = 53
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char = #;code = 35
char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
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char = ;code = 32
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char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = (;code = 40
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
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char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Understanding ancient climate changes is hampered by the inability to disentangle trends in ocean temperature from trends in continental ice volume. We used carbonate "clumped" isotope paleothermometry to constrain ocean temperatures, and thereby estimate ice volumes, through the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. We find tropical ocean temperatures of 32° to 37°C except for short-lived cooling by ~5°C during the final Ordovician stage. Evidence for ice sheets spans much of the study interval, but the cooling pulse coincided with a glacial maximum during which ice volumes likely equaled or exceeded those of the last (Pleistocene) glacial maximum. This cooling also coincided with a large perturbation of the carbon cycle and the Late Ordovician mass extinction.

Publication: Science 2011 Feb 18 ;331(6019)::903-6. :doi: 10.1126/science.1200803.
Publication Date: 2011 Feb 18
Study Author(s): Finnegan, Seth;Bergmann, Kristin;Eiler, John M;Jones, David S;Fike, David A;Eisenman, Ian;Hughes, Nigel C;Tripati, Aradhna K;Fischer, Woodward W;
Institution: Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. [email protected]
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Understanding ancient climate changes is hampered by the inability to disentangle trends in ocean temperature from trends in continental ice volume. We used carbonate "clumped" isotope paleothermometry to constrain ocean temperatures, and thereby estimate ice volumes, through the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. We find tropical ocean temperatures of 32° to 37°C except for short-lived cooling by ~5°C during the final Ordovician stage. Evidence for ice sheets spans much of the study interval, but the cooling pulse coincided with a glacial maximum during which ice volumes likely equaled or exceeded those of the last (Pleistocene) glacial maximum. This cooling also coincided with a large perturbation of the carbon cycle and the Late Ordovician mass extinction.
PMID: 21273448

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