|
|
char = B;code = 66
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.
Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = R;code = 82
char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = F;code = 70
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = A;code = 65
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = G;code = 71
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = N;code = 78
char = Z;code = 90
char = Y;code = 89
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = I;code = 73
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = A;code = 65
char = S;code = 83
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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result sql = The biotransformation of glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and mannitol hexanitrate (MHN) by extracts from human liver, small intestine mucosa, kidney, and blood serum was investigated. The glutathione-dependent organic nitrate ester reductase activity of the intestinal mucosa was 21, 4, 4, and 2 times higher than the liver activity for ISD, PETN, GTN, and ETN, respectively. The liver enzymatic activity for MHN was 35% higher than the intestinal activity and 56% higher than kidney enzyme activity. THE ORDER OF INCREASING ENZYMATIC RATES WAS: ISD = PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the intestinal mucosa; ISD less than PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the liver; and ISD less than PETN = GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the kidney. Human serum also metabolized these organic nitrates at lower rates than the studied organs. Thus, the serum specific activities were 1/5 for MHN, 1/30 for ETN, 1/40 for GTN, 1/44 for ISD, and 1/2000 for PETN of the activity present in kidney. On the other hand, the activity of human albumin was lower than that of blood serum. The serum and albumin activities were not modified by reduced glutathione or sulfhydryl inhibitors. These results suggest that small intestine may play an important role in the biotransformation of these drugs at their absorption site, after oral administration. They also demonstrate the possible participation of various human tissues in the overall metabolism of organic nitrate esters.
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result sql = Biotransformation of organic nitrate esters in vitro by human liver, kidney, intestine, and blood serum.
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = k;code = 107
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = R;code = 82
char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = F;code = 70
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = A;code = 65
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = G;code = 71
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = N;code = 78
char = Z;code = 90
char = Y;code = 89
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char = A;code = 65
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char = I;code = 73
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = A;code = 65
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char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
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char = W;code = 87
char = A;code = 65
char = S;code = 83
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char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
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char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
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char = P;code = 80
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char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
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char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
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char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = D;code = 68
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char = l;code = 108
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char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
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char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = M;code = 77
char = H;code = 72
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = z;code = 122
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
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char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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result sql = The biotransformation of glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and mannitol hexanitrate (MHN) by extracts from human liver, small intestine mucosa, kidney, and blood serum was investigated. The glutathione-dependent organic nitrate ester reductase activity of the intestinal mucosa was 21, 4, 4, and 2 times higher than the liver activity for ISD, PETN, GTN, and ETN, respectively. The liver enzymatic activity for MHN was 35% higher than the intestinal activity and 56% higher than kidney enzyme activity. THE ORDER OF INCREASING ENZYMATIC RATES WAS: ISD = PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the intestinal mucosa; ISD less than PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the liver; and ISD less than PETN = GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the kidney. Human serum also metabolized these organic nitrates at lower rates than the studied organs. Thus, the serum specific activities were 1/5 for MHN, 1/30 for ETN, 1/40 for GTN, 1/44 for ISD, and 1/2000 for PETN of the activity present in kidney. On the other hand, the activity of human albumin was lower than that of blood serum. The serum and albumin activities were not modified by reduced glutathione or sulfhydryl inhibitors. These results suggest that small intestine may play an important role in the biotransformation of these drugs at their absorption site, after oral administration. They also demonstrate the possible participation of various human tissues in the overall metabolism of organic nitrate esters.
Publication: Drug Metab. Dispos. 1988 May-Jun ;16(3)::477-81.
Publication Date: 1988 May-Jun
Study Author(s): Posadas del Rio, F A;Jaramillo Juárez, F;Camacho García, R;
Institution: Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 1988 May-Jun
Study Author(s): Posadas del Rio, F A;Jaramillo Juárez, F;Camacho García, R;
Institution: Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.
Shortcut link to this study:
The biotransformation of glycerol trinitrate (GTN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISD), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), and mannitol hexanitrate (MHN) by extracts from human liver, small intestine mucosa, kidney, and blood serum was investigated. The glutathione-dependent organic nitrate ester reductase activity of the intestinal mucosa was 21, 4, 4, and 2 times higher than the liver activity for ISD, PETN, GTN, and ETN, respectively. The liver enzymatic activity for MHN was 35% higher than the intestinal activity and 56% higher than kidney enzyme activity. THE ORDER OF INCREASING ENZYMATIC RATES WAS: ISD = PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the intestinal mucosa; ISD less than PETN less than GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the liver; and ISD less than PETN = GTN less than ETN less than MHN in the kidney. Human serum also metabolized these organic nitrates at lower rates than the studied organs. Thus, the serum specific activities were 1/5 for MHN, 1/30 for ETN, 1/40 for GTN, 1/44 for ISD, and 1/2000 for PETN of the activity present in kidney. On the other hand, the activity of human albumin was lower than that of blood serum. The serum and albumin activities were not modified by reduced glutathione or sulfhydryl inhibitors. These results suggest that small intestine may play an important role in the biotransformation of these drugs at their absorption site, after oral administration. They also demonstrate the possible participation of various human tissues in the overall metabolism of organic nitrate esters.
PMID: 2900744
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