|
|
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result sql = Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens.
Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens.char = T;code = 84
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char = T;code = 84
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char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ×;code = 215
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = I;code = 73
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = B;code = 66
char = D;code = 68
char = V;code = 86
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ×;code = 215
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = >;code = 62
result sql = The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material-5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Inhibitory effect of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian pathogens.
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
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char = E;code = 69
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
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char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = A;code = 65
char = I;code = 73
char = V;code = 86
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = V;code = 86
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = I;code = 73
char = B;code = 66
char = D;code = 68
char = V;code = 86
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = z;code = 122
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char = l;code = 108
char = k;code = 107
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = Z;code = 90
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = Z;code = 90
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = G;code = 71
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = .;code = 46
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char = a;code = 97
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char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = G;code = 71
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char = E;code = 69
char = ×;code = 215
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
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char = h;code = 104
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char = .;code = 46
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char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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result sql = The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material-5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.
Publication: J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2019 Feb
Publication Date: Feb 2019
Study Author(s): Komura Miyuki M ; Suzuki Mayuko M ; Sangsriratanakul Natthanan N ; Ito Mariko M ; Takahashi Satoru S ; Alam Md Shahin MS ; Ono Mizuki M ; Daio Chisato C ; Shoham Dany D ; Takehara Kazuaki K ;
Institution: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: Feb 2019
Study Author(s): Komura Miyuki M ; Suzuki Mayuko M ; Sangsriratanakul Natthanan N ; Ito Mariko M ; Takahashi Satoru S ; Alam Md Shahin MS ; Ono Mizuki M ; Daio Chisato C ; Shoham Dany D ; Takehara Kazuaki K ;
Institution: Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.
Shortcut link to this study:
The inhibitory activities of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis (SI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were evaluated. Original GSE contained 0.24% benzalkonium chloride (BZC), however, 0.0025% BZC solution could not inactivate bacteria. The activity of diluted GSE (×100, ×500 and ×1,000 with redistilled water) against selected viruses and bacteria was evaluated in this study. The GSE solutions were incubated with the pathogens over a period of time after which the remaining viruses were titrated and the bacterial colonies were counted. In the presence of organic material-5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test solutions were sprayed at 1 cm and 30 cm distances to test the efficacy of GSE in a spray form. Furthermore, the efficacy of GSE against bacteria on clothes was tested using non-woven cloth. GSE×100 reduced the viral titer of both AIV and NDV even in 5% FBS condition. IBDV showed high resistance to GSE. GSE×1,000 inactivated both SI and EC within 5 sec, even in the presence of 5% FBS. The disinfectant was able to maintain its efficacy in the spray form at 30 cm distance. GSE was also effective against SI and EC inoculated on fabric. GSE is a potential novel disinfectant against viruses and bacteria, effective even within a short contact time.
PMID: 30713281
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