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result sql = Surveillance of ochratoxin A in cocoa beans from cocoa-growing regions of Ghana.
Surveillance of ochratoxin A in cocoa beans from cocoa-growing regions of Ghana.
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
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char = A;code = 65
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
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char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = -;code = 45
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = #;code = 35
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 3;code = 51
char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
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char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
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char = 3;code = 51
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;;code = 59
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = x;code = 120
char = 3;code = 51
char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
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char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = w;code = 119
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = B;code = 66
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = A;code = 65
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = L;code = 76
char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = 6;code = 54
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;;code = 59
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char = 3;code = 51
char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
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char = g;code = 103
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char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 5;code = 53
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char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
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char = g;code = 103
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char = g;code = 103
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = n;code = 110
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char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = M;code = 77
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = f;code = 102
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char = l;code = 108
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char = f;code = 102
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
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char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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result sql = Cocoa is one of the agricultural commodities which is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. During two crop/harvest seasons, the occurrence and distribution of ochratoxin A (OTA) in viable commercial cocoa beans were investigated. The cocoa bean samples were collected randomly from farmers across cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. OTA concentrations in the samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods following purification on immunoaffinity solid phase column. The result showed that 21.7% of all samples analyzed were contaminated with OTA at concentrations ranging from 0.01 μg/kg to 12.36 μg/kg. The Western South region had the highest occurrence of OTA-positive samples at 32.5%, followed by the Western North region at 28.75%, the Eastern and Volta regions at 25% each, Brong Ahafo (16.25%), Central (15%) and the Ashanti region at 11.25%. However, 0.9% and 3.5% of the total OTA-positive samples exceeded the OTA maximum limits of 10 μg/kg for cocoa beans and 3 μg/kg for cocoa powder, set by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency and the European Commission, respectively. During the Main and Light crop seasons, the highest concentrations of OTA were detected in the Western North region, reaching up to 12.36 μg/kg and 3.45 μg/kg, respectively. OTA concentrations between the cocoa-growing regions in the Main crop season were not significantly different (p > 0.05), however, the Light crop season indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two crop seasons. The need for regular monitoring and careful adherence to agronomic strategies such as good agricultural practices (GAPs), recommended code of practices (COPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) for the prevention and reduction of OTA throughout the cocoa value chain cannot be overemphasized.


Publication: Heliyon 2023 Jul;9(7):e18206.
Publication Date: Jul 2023
Study Author(s): Banahene Joel Cox Menka JCM ; Ofosu Isaac Williams IW ; Odai Bernard Tawiah BT ;
Institution: Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana.
Shortcut link to this study:
Cocoa is one of the agricultural commodities which is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. During two crop/harvest seasons, the occurrence and distribution of ochratoxin A (OTA) in viable commercial cocoa beans were investigated. The cocoa bean samples were collected randomly from farmers across cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. OTA concentrations in the samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods following purification on immunoaffinity solid phase column. The result showed that 21.7% of all samples analyzed were contaminated with OTA at concentrations ranging from 0.01 μg/kg to 12.36 μg/kg. The Western South region had the highest occurrence of OTA-positive samples at 32.5%, followed by the Western North region at 28.75%, the Eastern and Volta regions at 25% each, Brong Ahafo (16.25%), Central (15%) and the Ashanti region at 11.25%. However, 0.9% and 3.5% of the total OTA-positive samples exceeded the OTA maximum limits of 10 μg/kg for cocoa beans and 3 μg/kg for cocoa powder, set by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency and the European Commission, respectively. During the Main and Light crop seasons, the highest concentrations of OTA were detected in the Western North region, reaching up to 12.36 μg/kg and 3.45 μg/kg, respectively. OTA concentrations between the cocoa-growing regions in the Main crop season were not significantly different (p > 0.05), however, the Light crop season indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two crop seasons. The need for regular monitoring and careful adherence to agronomic strategies such as good agricultural practices (GAPs), recommended code of practices (COPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) for the prevention and reduction of OTA throughout the cocoa value chain cannot be overemphasized.

PMID: 37501961

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