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result sql = Fate and transport of chlorine dioxide: Modeling chlorine dioxide in water distribution systems.
Fate and transport of chlorine dioxide: Modeling chlorine dioxide in water distribution systems.
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
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char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = W;code = 87
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = E;code = 69
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = 8;code = 56
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = x;code = 120
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
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char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = O;code = 79
char = <;code = 60
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = 2;code = 50
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 3;code = 51
char = 4;code = 52
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
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char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
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char = l;code = 108
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = O;code = 79
char = <;code = 60
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
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char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = O;code = 79
char = <;code = 60
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = 2;code = 50
char = <;code = 60
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char = b;code = 98
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = O;code = 79
char = <;code = 60
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = 2;code = 50
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char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = x;code = 120
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;;code = 59
char = m;code = 109
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char = /;code = 47
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = 5;code = 53
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = x;code = 120
char = 2;code = 50
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;;code = 59
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
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char = C;code = 67
char = l;code = 108
char = O;code = 79
char = <;code = 60
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
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char = l;code = 108
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = T;code = 84
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = O;code = 79
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = H;code = 72
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
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result sql = This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of switching disinfectants from sodium hypochlorite bleach to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the water distribution system of Geyikbayiri, Antalya. For this purpose, bulk decay rates of ClO2 at various water temperatures were determined in laboratory studies. The study revealed ClO2 bulk decay rates of 0.12639 day-1, 0.17848 day-1, and 0.19621 day-1 at temperatures 15°C, 20°C, and 30°C, respectively. The EPANET, a widely employed computer program for simulating the extended-period behavior of hydraulic and water quality in pressurized pipes, was utilized for the analysis of the fate and transport of ClO2. A hydraulic model was first developed, calibrated, and verified using distinct data sets. The Hazen-Williams friction coefficient of the PSA was determined to be 120 by the trial-and-error method with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.408 m. A ClO2 model was then integrated with the calibrated and verified hydraulic model, revealing a wall decay rate of 0.01 m/day and an average MAE of 0.034 mg/l. After calibration and verification of the ClO2 model, several management scenarios were developed, and ClO2 dosing rates were determined. The study showed that ClO2 dosing rates of 0.40 mg/l and 0.45 mg/l should be applied to keep ClO2 concentrations within certain limits. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Disinfectants must maintain a sufficient residual in water distribution systems. Chlorine dioxide requires less contact time and is not affected by pH fluctuations. Modeling serves as a decision-making tool for the management of disinfectants. Bulk and wall decay rates of chlorine dioxide are crucial for management strategies. Chlorine dioxide is a good alternative as a disinfectant in such systems.


Publication: Water Environ Res 2024 Aug;96(8):e11094.
Publication Date: Aug 2024
Study Author(s): Karadirek I Ethem IE ; Rizvanoglu Asli Nur AN ; Okumus Batuhan B ; Cansu-Aldemir Ozlem O ; Akdeniz Tugba T ;
Institution: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye.
Shortcut link to this study:
This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of switching disinfectants from sodium hypochlorite bleach to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the water distribution system of Geyikbayiri, Antalya. For this purpose, bulk decay rates of ClO2 at various water temperatures were determined in laboratory studies. The study revealed ClO2 bulk decay rates of 0.12639 day-1, 0.17848 day-1, and 0.19621 day-1 at temperatures 15°C, 20°C, and 30°C, respectively. The EPANET, a widely employed computer program for simulating the extended-period behavior of hydraulic and water quality in pressurized pipes, was utilized for the analysis of the fate and transport of ClO2. A hydraulic model was first developed, calibrated, and verified using distinct data sets. The Hazen-Williams friction coefficient of the PSA was determined to be 120 by the trial-and-error method with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.408 m. A ClO2 model was then integrated with the calibrated and verified hydraulic model, revealing a wall decay rate of 0.01 m/day and an average MAE of 0.034 mg/l. After calibration and verification of the ClO2 model, several management scenarios were developed, and ClO2 dosing rates were determined. The study showed that ClO2 dosing rates of 0.40 mg/l and 0.45 mg/l should be applied to keep ClO2 concentrations within certain limits. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Disinfectants must maintain a sufficient residual in water distribution systems. Chlorine dioxide requires less contact time and is not affected by pH fluctuations. Modeling serves as a decision-making tool for the management of disinfectants. Bulk and wall decay rates of chlorine dioxide are crucial for management strategies. Chlorine dioxide is a good alternative as a disinfectant in such systems.

PMID: 39114927

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